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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM (CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM (CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM (CHAPTERS 1-4)QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Psychology - Answer-1. Early: acquired the meaning "study of the mind"
2. Current: scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes
Wilhem Wundt - Answer--Founder of Psychology
G. Stanley Hall - Answer--Brought Psychology to America
Sigmund Frued - Answer--Psychoanalytic Theory: attempts to explain personality,
motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
-Controversy and Frued: his idea of the unconscious suggests people are not in control
of their mind, behavior is influenced by how people cope with sexual urges
John B. Watson - Answer--Founder of behaviorism
B.F. Skinner - Answer--Fundamental principle
-Controversy: all behavior is governed by external stimuli
-Free will is an illusion
Psychiatry - Answer--Branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances
(can prescribe medicine)
Two Great Assumptions in Science - Answer-1. Positivism: "Truth" exists and we can
know it
2. Empiricism: An approach to understanding the world that involves collecting data or
making observations
Hypothesis vs Theory - Answer-1. Hypothesis: specific prediction about the relationship
between the variables, "educated guess"
2. Theory: set of related ideas that help scientists to explain how variables relate
Variable - Answer--Something that varies and is measurable
Operational Definition - Answer--The way the variable is being defined for the specific
study
Independent vs Dependent Variable - Answer-1. IV: manipulated
2. DV: measured
Experiments - Answer-1. Pros: precise control, cause and effect conclusions
2. Cons: can't be used for some questions, lab setting "artificial"
3. Variables: IV and DV
, 4. Manipulates a variable
5. Observes changes in variable
6. Controls conditions
Correlational Study - Answer--Measures two naturally occurring things and see if they
relate
1. Positive: 2 variables vary systematically in same direction
2. Negative: 2 variables vary systematically in opposite directions
Non-Experimental Designs - Answer-1. Surveys
-Pros: inexpensive, easy to collect data from large samples
-Cons: Social Desirability Bias
2. Naturalistic Observation
3. Participant Observation
4. Correlational Design
5. Case Studies
Biological Psychology - Answer--The study of the connection between biology and
behavior
Neuron Structure & Function - Answer-1. Dendrites: Receives information
2. Soma: Integrates information
3. Axon: Transmits information to another neuron
4. Myelin Sheath: Speeds up signal
5. Terminal Buttons (End Terminal): Stores and secretes neurotransmitters
6. Synapse: Chemical messengers
Motor Neurons - Answer--Efferent
-Neuron whose cell body is located in the spinal cord and axon projects outside the
spinal cord to control effector organs (muscles and glands)
Sensory Neurons - Answer--Afferent
-Nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from
the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses
Mirror Neurons - Answer--"Monkey see, monkey do"
-The neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself
acting.
Glia - Answer--"Glue" for neurons
-Structural support
-Clean up after neurons
All-or-None Law - Answer--Neural impulse is all or none
-Neural impulses can occur at different rates
-Strong stimuli will have a faster AP in a span of X time
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