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CJ 201 Final Exam Cumulative Questions and Answers
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CJ 201 Final Exam CumulativeQuestions and Answers
Gender (Patterns) - Answer-- Strongest predictor of criminal behavior
- Overall: 4:1 (M:F)
- Violent: 5:1
- Property: 2.5:1
Contrary to the established criminological theories that explain motivation,
environmental criminology begins with the assumption that . . .
a) most people are not criminally motivated
b) some people are criminally motivated
c) all people would commit crime if there were no social controls
d) people make a choice to commit crime with an objective in mind - Answer-b) some
people are criminally motivated
Official Data (5) - Answer-- Self-serving: Distorted reports for people with vested
interests
- More of a reflection of law enforcement practices (and reporting) than actual criminal
behavior.
- Small percentage of crimes are reported or known than actual. ("Dark Figure of
Crime").
- Counting: Most serious offense of an event, and numbers of perpetrators/victims, and
does not capture attempted acts.
- Little emphasis placed on white-collar crime.
T/F: Since 2000, the violent crime rate in the U.S. has increased. - Answer-False
T/F: Larceny is the most prevalent crime in our society - Answer-True
The practice of trading a client's shares of stock frequently in order to generate large
commissions is known as _____.
a) burning
b) stock manipulation
c) insider trading
d) churning - Answer-d) churning
In the 1980s _____ constituted the United States' major drug problem.
a) cocaine
b) morphine
c) heroin
d) marijuana - Answer-a) cocaine
,T/F: The "global village" has had a hand in increasing the problem of aiding in the
planning and orchestrating of international child trafficking - Answer-True
Which of the following would not be a focus of social control theorists?
a) individual modes of adaptation to environmental strains
b) the influence of family on behavior
c) techniques that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity
d) the influence of religion on behavior - Answer-a) individual modes of adaptation to
environmental strains
Which of the following is the LEAST likely element that labeling theorists would be
interested in?
a) how certain acts are defined as criminal or deviant
b) why people commit crimes in the first place
c) why certain people are defined as criminal or deviant
d) why certain people have had criminal status conferred upon them by both the
criminal justice system and the community at large - Answer-b) why people commit
crimes in the first place
Psychoanalytic Theory - Answer-Attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to three
possible causes:
1) Overbearing conscience - arouses feelings of guilt
2) Weak conscience - unable to control the individual's impulses
3) Immediate gratification (cognitive restructuring)
T/F: Social learning theory maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the
same psychological processes as any other behavior - Answer-True
T/F: Classical criminologists argued that society can control behavior by making the
pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains. - Answer-True
Which of the following theories argues that all members of society subscribe to the
cultural values of the middle class?
a) strain theory
b) conflict theory
c) social disorganization theory
d) differential association theory - Answer-a) strain theory
Raffaele Garofalo - Answer-coined the term "criminology" in 1885
T/F: Self-report surveys suggest that the gender difference in criminal offending may be
narrowing. - Answer-True
UCR - Answer-Uniform Crime Report
, T/F: A crime is any human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to
punishment - Answer-True
If a person interested in gangs looked at the gang problem from a Differential
Association Perspective, which of the following questions would s/he ask?
a) Are the resources/institutions in gang areas strong or weak?
b) Do youth have enough opportunities to achieve conventional goals in society?
c) How are gang members influencing, teaching, and recruiting members? - Answer-c)
How are gang members influencing, teaching, and recruiting members?
According to Cohen, delinquent subcultures are rooted in all but which of the following?
a) acceptance of violence as normal
b) class differentials in parental aspirations
c) child-rearing practices
d) classroom standards - Answer-a) acceptance of violence as normal
The rational-choice perspective is based on what two main theoretical approaches?
a) environmental and ecological
b) social control and differential association
c) routine-activity and social disorganization
d) utilitarianism and economic choice theory - Answer-d) utilitarianism and economic
choice theory
At common law, _____ was defined as the intentional killing of another person with
malice aforethought.
a) negligent manslaughte
b) voluntary manslaughter
c) murder
d) No answer text provided - Answer-c) murder
T/F: Since 2000, the rate of property crime in the U.S. has increased - Answer-False
_____ is the use of material, non-public, financial information to obtain an unfair
advantage in trading securities
a) burning
b) stock manipulation
c) insider trading
d) churning - Answer-c) insider trading
T/F: Alcohol escalates aggression by reducing awareness of consequences - Answer-
True
Cross-cultural researchers have devoted particular attention to the recently developed
hypothesis that _____ lead to increases in crime
a) overpopulation and homelessness
b) modernization and urbanization
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