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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY STUDYGUIDE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Cognitive psychology - answer-- refers to all processes by which sensory input is
transmitted, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used
Innate knowledge - answer-- belief that humans are born already possessing knowledge
about the world
- emphasized by aristotle
- nature
Tabula rasa - answer-- blank slate; everything we know, think, feel, and all behaviors
are learned after birth
- emphasized by plato
- nurture
Structuralism - answer-- wilhelm wundt
- the belief that consciousness can be broken into elements of sensation and perception
Consciousness - answer-- the awareness people have about outside world and their
perceptions, images, memories, and feelings
Introspection - answer-- wilhelm wundt and structuralism
- subjective observation of one's own experience
- bad method
Savings curve - answer-- Herman Ebbinghaus
- shows that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after initial learning, then levels off
Functionalism - answer-- William James
- interest in how the mind adapts to function in an individuals environment
- james was heavily influenced by Darwin’s origin of species
Behaviorism - answer-- john b. Watson
- believed that psychology should focus on only observable behaviors and their
reactions to stimuli in the environment
- also known as the s.r. approach
- heavily influenced by pavlov
Operational definition - answer-- b.f. skinner
- precise definition that specifies exactly how a researcher will conceptualize and
measure a concept
, Gestalt psychology - answer-- wolfgang kohler
- the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
- study perceptual illusions
Frederic bartlett's research on memory - answer-- disagreed with ebbinghaus's use of
nonsense syllables and carefully controlled research settings - instead used meaningful
stories in research
- found that people make systematic errors when trying to recall
- argued that memory is an active and structured process
Information processing - answer-- mental processes are similar to that of a computer
- information progresses through the cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at
a time
Sensory memory - answer-- stores sensory information with reasonable accuracy
- first stop for information
- short duration (2 seconds)
- relatively large capacity
- two sections: iconic = visual information, echoic = auditory information
Short-term memory - answer-- small capacity
- 7 +/- 2 units of information
- short duration
- approximately 30 seconds without rehearsal
- actively transform and manipulate information
Long-term memory - answer-- unlimited capacity and duration
Freud's unconscious - answer-- part of the psychoanalytic theory
- processes that operate outside of the conscious awareness and drive motivation
Cognitive neuroscience - answer-- goal is to match brain structures with specific
cognitive tasks
- first person in field: paul baroka (baroka's area = speech production)
Artificial intelligence - answer-- attempts to generate computer models that stimulate
cognitive processes
Computer stimulation - answer-- attempts to take human limitations into account
- must show same number and type of errors as humans
Serial processing - answer-- system must complete one step before moving onto the
next operation
- hearing
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