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PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY EXAMGUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Personality - Answer-a set of *psychological traits and mechanisms* within the
individual organized and *relatively enduring* and that influence his or her *interactions*
with and *adaptations* to the *intrapsychic, physical, and social* environments
Psychological traits - Answer-characteristics that describe way sin which people are
different from each other
Psychological mechanisms - Answer-processes of personality
Murray's 3 Levels of Personality Analysis
Every human being is: - Answer-1) Like all others (human nature level)
2) Like some others (individual/group level)
3) Like no others (individual uniqueness level)
6 Domains - Answer-1) Dispositional: ways individuals differ
2) Biological: genetics, psychophysiology, evolution
3) Intrapsychic: mental mechanisms of personality
4) Cognitive-Experiential: cognition and subjective experience
5) Social and cultural: personality affects and is affected by social and cultural contexts
6) Adjustment: personality plays a key role in how we adjust to our everyday lives
Don't Buy Swiss Cheese, It's Aged!
Is there a grand theory of personality - Answer-NO
The 6 domains can ultimately provide foundations for a unified theory
Sources of Personality Data - Answer-S-data
O-data
T-data (fMRI, projective techniques, experiments)
L-data (life outcome--info gleaned from events)
Agreement across data sources is ___ to____ - Answer-low to moderate
some traits more observable
depends heavily on research questions
Triangulation - Answer-examine results that transcend data sources *using two methods
to check the results*
Reliability - Answer-the degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level
of a trait
, 3 Types of Reliability - Answer-1) test-retest
2) inter-rater
3) internal (measures that test the same construct should yield similar results)
Validity - Answer-extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
5 Types of validity - Answer-1) Face--appears to "look good"
2)Construct--contains all necessary parts
3) Predictive/Criterion--predicts criteria external to test
4) Convergent--correlates with similar measures
5) Discriminant--does not correlate with dissimilar measures
2 Views of Traits - Answer-1) Traits as internal properties that CAUSE behavior
2) Traits as purely descriptive summaries with NO assumptions about causality
Act Frequency Approach - Answer-Traits are categories of acts
3 Ways to Identify most important traits - Answer-1) Lexical Approach--all important
traits have become encoded within the NATURAL LANGUAGE
~synonym frequency
~cross-cultural universality
~"starting point"
2) Statistical Approach--identify major dimensions of personality map
*factor analysis--which items COVARY
3) Theoretical Approach--theory-driven
Eysenck 3 Main Heritable Traits - Answer-psychophysiological-->internal
1) Psychoticism (aggressive, DISAGREEABLE)
2) Extraversion-Introversion (extraversion=sociable, sensation-seeking)
3) Neuroticism (anxious, tense)
Eysenck developed a ____ model - Answer-hierarchal--starts with broad traits
Cattell: ___ Personality ___ System - Answer-16, Factor
descriptive
Essential Theorist
~Personality factors, named alphabetically like vitamins
~Oblique traits
Orthogonal - Answer-Traits are opposite
Five Factor Model - Answer-Costa & McCrae
OCEAN
Each of the Big 5 has a set of specific ____ - Answer-Facets
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