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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #6 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #6 QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Psychological disorders - answer-distressing, dysfunctional (always true), deviant
(statistically unusual). Line is almost always blurry
Reliable - answer-repeatable across time and clinician. As in...includes people with
similar causes for the disorder, predict course of disorder, and predict which treatment
will work the best
Valid - answer-are the categories clinically meaningful
Causes of disorders (etiology) - answer-biology, learning, cognitive, environmental (i.e.
Family, society). These factor can interact, especially genes and environment
What is a personality disorder? - answer-pervasive maladaptive pattern of thinking,
feeling, and behaving. Chronic (we now know they can change). Assumed to have
origins in childhood or adolescence. Prevalence: around 10% in adolescence and
adulthood.
Antisocial personality disorder (apd) - answer-1) norm-breaking behavior (stealing,
fighting, lying, etc.) 2) psychopathy - personality traits. Lack of empathy and remorse,
shallow emotions, impulsive.
3) starts in childhood, not necessarily criminals, some evidence that behavior often
improves over time; psychopathy can improve too but less than behavior
Bohman 1996 - answer-adoption study of boys, rearing family: authoritative (good)
versus other types (bad). Percent of boys with criminal behavior in adulthood
1) bio parents normal, rearing family good = 3%
2) bio parents normal, rearing family bad = 6%
3) bio parents criminal, rearing family good = 12%
4) bio parents criminal, rearing family bad = 40%
Indicates that biological vulnerability is important
Maoa gene - answer-codes for an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, which is low in
people with apd. Interact with environment: if individuals have variant of the gene that
causes low serotonin plus history of being abused, there is a much higher rate of apd.
Lykke's prison study - answer-can people with apd learn to associate pain with
particular situation? Classical conditioning, pair tone and electric shock (ucs). Electric
shock is ucs that produces ucr (sweating). Tone alone -> in normal people, tone
becomes cs that produces cr (sweating). People with apd: little sweating (no cr).
Trouble associating signals with potential punishment. Makes fearless kids hard to
socialize.
, Raine 2008 - answer-brain differences in apd: structure and function. Prefrontal cortex:
reduced size and functional impairment. Affects self-control, decision making, planning.
Amygdala: reduced size. Affects emotion-based learning and fear conditioning. May
relate to poor conscience development. Males with variant in maoa gene have size
reduction in prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
Coercive family process - answer-child - irritable and noncompliant, parent command,
child defies, parent no follow through, child negative reinforcement, parent loses control
of child
Anxiety disorders - answer-lifetime prevalence in us = 18%. More common in women
Phobias - answer-fear of specific object or situation, must be impairing, social anxiety
disorder vs specific
Panic attack - answer-episodes of intense fear and terror, physical symptoms, and
unexpected
Panic disorder - answer-panic attack, worry about attack, common co-morbidity with
agoraphobia (fear of going to particular places)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd) - answer-no longer considered an anxiety
disorder, but often co-morbid. Obsession: repetitive, unwelcoming thought or image.
Compulsion: repetitive behavior
Ocd cycle - answer-obsession causes anxiety or distress. Compulsion eliminates
discomfort (negative reinforcement). Obsession returns.
Generalized anxiety disorder - answer-constant worry about future for 6 months.
Physiological symptoms.
Post-traumatic stress disorder - answer-an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting
memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for
four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
Anxiety disorders genetics - answer-mz twin concordance for anxiety disorder = 40%.
Dz twin concordance = 4%. Moderate heritability (.3-.5) [same as apd, lower than ocd]
Anxiety disorders family factors - answer-over control of children predicts anxiety.
Monkeys: if prevent from being able to control their experiences, they become fearful
and can't cope (experimental evidence). Anxious kids tend to have overprotective
parents (non-experimental evidence)
Anxiety disorders cognitive factors - answer-abc model: a general model for how
cognition affects disorders. A - activating event. B- beliefs (or cognition). C-
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