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NUR 245 Breast, Axillae, and lymphatic system Notes
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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on;Breast, Axillae, and lymphatic system for NUR 245. *Essential!!
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BREAST, AXILLAE, AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM [CHAPTER 18] Breast internal anatomy: divided into 4 quadrants
o Upper inner quadrant, lower inner quadrant, upper outer quadrant, lower outer
quadrant
o Tail of spence projects up into axilla
o Areola and nipple darker pigment
o Glandular tissue
15-20 lobes radiating from the nipple, lobes are composed of lobules,
lobules are clusters of alveoli that produce milk, each lobe empties into a
lactiferous duct, the ducts become lactiferous sinuses or reservoirs for
storing milk
o Fibrous tissue – including suspensory ligaments [cooper’s ligaments]
Fibrous bands extending from the surface, attach on chest wall muscles,
support the breast tissue
o Adipose tissue
Layers of subcutaneous and retromammary fat, provide most of the bulk
of the breast
Regional lymphatics: 4 groups of lymph nodes
o Central axillary nodes: high in the middle of the axillary, from the central axillary
nodes, drainage flows up to infraclavicular and supraclavicular nodes
o Pectoral: inside the anterior axillary fold
o Subscapular: posterior, lateral edge of the scapula
o Lateral: along the humerus
Developmental competence: adolescent
o Puberty: estrogen stimulates breast changes
o Average age = 8 to 10 yrs of age, takes an average of 3 yers, preces menarche by
2 yrs
o Sometimes one breast grows larger, temporary asymmetry
o Tanner staging: 5 stages of breast development are included as levels of sexual
maturity
Preadolescent, breast bud, breast/areola enlarge, areola/nipple form mound
over breast, mature
Developmental competence: pregnant women
o Breast changes start during the second month of pregnancy and are an early sign
for most women
o Enlarge and become tender
o Areolae become larger and darker
o Venous pattern is prominent over skin surface
o Colostrum may be expressed after 4th month
o Lactation begins 1 to 3 days postpartum
Developmental competence: aging women
o After menopause, ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone decreases,
causing fat & glandular tissue atrophy, decrease in size & decrease in elasticity
o A breast lump may have been present for years but is suddenly palpable
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