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Summary Grade 12 IEB Physical Science - Chemistry

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Course
Physical Sciences

Institution
12th Grade

Grade 12 IEB Physical Science - Physics & Chemistry (Entire Grade 12 syllabus summary) Aesthetic, in depth, neatly typed Grade 12 IEB Physical Science - Physics & Chemistry full syllabus summary and notes Summarises all 14 sections of the matric Physics & Chemistry syllabus. Includes all relevant ...

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grade 12 ieb physical science

Institution
12th Grade
Course
Physical Sciences
Schooljaar 200

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

,What is Organic Chemistry?

 Organic Chemistry is essentially the study of carbon compounds.
 Organic molecules may thus be described as molecules containing carbon atoms
with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, diamond, graphite,
carbonates, carbides and cyanides
 Carbon is the basic building block of organic compounds that recycles through the
earth's air, water, soil, and living organisms
 The specially organised nature of these compounds led to the name organic
chemistry.
 Some important organic preparations are:
textiles (nylon, polyester); plastics; medicines; insecticides, weed-killers, fungicides;
paints; detergents (such as soap); petrol and foodstuffs (such as margarine)

The Valency of Carbon

 Carbon is in Group IV of the periodic table and as such has 4 valence electrons. It
is said to be tetravalent.

 Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself and many other elements
 These bonds may be single, double or triple bonds.
 In its reactive state, the Lewis diagram for carbon is:

 Thus there are always 4 covalent bonds to every carbon atom in an organic
molecule.

 Carbon can bond to itself in long chains and in rings. This is called catenation.

1

,Types of formulae used in Organic Chemistry

Consider, as an example the organic molecule 2-methyl propane

 Displayed structural formula: this shows all the bonds
in the molecule:

 Condensed structural (excludes dashes) / semi- structural formula (includes
dashes): this shows only the bonds between carbon atoms; branches are
represented in brackets
► CH3CH(CH3)CH3 ► CH3–CH(CH3)–CH3

 Molecular formula: this indicates the number of atoms of each element present in
one molecule ► C4H10

 Empirical formula: this is the simplest ratio in which the elements combine ► C2H5

NOTE: You will only be expected to draw structural, condensed structural, semi-structural
and molecular formulae for compounds belonging to the following homologous series:
alkanes, alkenes, halo-alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters (up to 8 carbon
atoms).

2

, Terms used in Organic Chemistry

 Hydrocarbon: a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
 Homologous series: a series of similar compounds which have the same functional
group and have the same general formula, in which each member differs from the
previous one by a single CH2 unit.
 Functional group: an atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical
activity in the molecule.
 A saturated compound: a compound in which all of the bonds between carbon
atoms are single bonds
 An unsaturated compound: a compound in which there is at least one double
and/or triple bond between carbon atoms
 Isomers: compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae.

NOTE: You may be asked to identify compounds that are isomers (up to 8 carbon atoms).

Isomers are restricted to structural isomers:
(1) chain isomers (moving the side chain or making more side chains);

Butane iso-Butane

mp: 135 0C (2-methyl propane)

bp:  0,5 0C mp: 145 0C

bp:  10 0C

(2) positional isomers (different position of the same functional group) and

3

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