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Biological Anthropology Questions And Answers
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Biological Anthropology Questions And Answers How did the influences from the fields of geology, paleontology, taxonomy, and demography shape Darwin's and Wallace's idea of natural selection? Darwin drew from many different disciplines to create his theory of natural selection. He utilized t...

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  • November 12, 2024
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Biological Anthropology Questions And
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How did the influences from the fields of geology, paleontology, taxonomy, and demography

shape Darwin's and Wallace's idea of natural selection? Darwin drew from many different

disciplines to create his theory of natural selection. He utilized the ideas of Hutton and Lyell

from geology to demonstrate the great age of the planet and ideas about the development of the

landscape. From paleontology, he was influenced by the idea that many past life-forms are now

extinct. Demography influenced his theory especially in regard to birth, survival, and death, and

major factors that influence these key parts of life. All of these disciples contributed to his

overall theory of evolution by natural selection.




By the mid-twentieth century, four forces of evolution were defined. Briefly describe each of

these forces and their effects on variation both between groups and within groups. The

four forces of evolution are mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. When a

<mutation> occurs, this is the only source of new genetic variation in the population, and there

are three possible types of mutations: point mutation, frameshift mutation, and transposable

elements. Mutation increases within and between group variation. <Natural selection> can occur

in three different types: stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection.

Stabilizing selection favors the average of a group and depletes genetic variation. Directional

selection favors one extreme of a trait. Disruptive selection favors both extremes, and can result

in a speciation event. Natural selection decreases variation (or maintains variation) within

groups, but increases variation between groups. <Genetic Drift> occurs when there is a random

change in allele frequency over time, and results in decreased variation within groups, but

, Biological Anthropology Questions And
Answers
increases variation between groups; one type of genetic drift is the "founder effect". <Gene

flow> refers to the transfer of genes across population boundaries, which results in increased

variation within groups, but decreased variation between groups.




What are Mendel's laws of inheritance? State 1 example of an exception to those laws.

Mendel's laws of particulate inheritance are the Law of Segregation and the Law of

Independent Assortment. The Law of Segregation states that two alleles of a gene found on each

pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells. The Law of

Independent Assortment states that genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex

cells independently of one another. One exception to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment is

the concept of linkage (see definition ).




Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not? No, race is not an

appropriate, valid, or biologically meaningful concept. The concept of race is a typological

leftover from pre-evolutionary, taxonomic interpretations of biological variation. Human

variation is clinal. Traits assumed to be racial (e.g. skin color, cranial form, genetic

polymorphisms) do not correlate in their distribution, which means that they are inherited

independent of one another and are thus non-concordant. Racial traits would have to be

concordant for biological races to exist.

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