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NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer) Exam 1 Questions with 100% correct Answers
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NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer) Exam 1 Questions with 100% correct Answers
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NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer) Exam 1Questions with 100% correct Answers
What happens before G1? - ✔️✔️1.) chromosomes attach to spindle
2.) chromosomes properly segregated and MPF is now absent
G1/S Checkpoint - ✔️✔️1.) good size
2.) sufficient nutrients
3.) no DNA damage
G2/M Checkpoint - ✔️✔️1.) chromosomes replicate successfully
2.) no DNA damage
3.) activated MPF
Mitosis is super - ✔️✔️short
MPF - ✔️✔️M-Phase Promoting Factor
Cyclin - ✔️✔️cycles concentration through the cycle
CDK - ✔️✔️Cyclin-Dependant Kinase
Rb - ✔️✔️Tumor SUbressors
E2F - ✔️✔️Dangerous if not held back (tumors)
Transcribes genes into proteins, required for S-Phase to happen
,Chemotherapy: - ✔️✔️Stops cell division by targeting cell cycle and stops at G2
Number of chromosome types - ✔️✔️23
Total chromosomes - ✔️✔️46
Interphase - ✔️✔️replicated chromosomes
M phase - ✔️✔️you can see the chromosomes
DNA splits
DNA is not condensed in - ✔️✔️Interphase
Chromosomes are condensed in - ✔️✔️M Phase
Saturated Fats - ✔️✔️Contain more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats
Nucleotide - ✔️✔️•phosphate group
•nitrogen base
•5-carbon sugar
Deoxyribose - ✔️✔️OH on 2'
Oxyribose - ✔️✔️O on 2'
,Purines have ___ atoms connected - ✔️✔️9
How do nucleotides polymerize? - ✔️✔️Phosphodiester linkage (bond)
-or-
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Polarity of nucleotides - ✔️✔️5' - 3'
G➝C - ✔️✔️3 H-bonds
A➝T - ✔️✔️2 H-bonds
Takes more heat to break bonds so this one is way more stable - ✔️✔️G➝C
Chargaff's Rule - ✔️✔️Number of purines (A,G) = Number of pyrimidines (C,T) in a DNA molecule
DNA Replication - ✔️✔️1.) DNA unzips
2.) 2 template strands
3.) new nucleotides
DNA Polymerase - ✔️✔️1.) works only in one direction 5'-3' of the strand its synthesizing
2.) needs a free 3' (OH)
Enzymes for Replication - ✔️✔️Helicase
Topoisomerase
, Primase
DNA Pol. III
DNA Pol. I
Ligase
Helicase - ✔️✔️breaks H+ bonds
Topoisomerase - ✔️✔️relieves tension
SSBP - ✔️✔️Keeps it single stranded
Primase - ✔️✔️synthesizes RNA primer
DNA Pol. III - ✔️✔️Synthesizes replicating strand of DNA 5'-3'
DNA Pol. I - ✔️✔️Removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
Ligase - ✔️✔️generates phosphodiaster bond
What would happen if Ligase was defective? - ✔️✔️The lagging strand synthesis would be
incomplete, leading strand synthesis would be largely unaffected.
Telomerase - ✔️✔️enzyme that prevents shortening
Only stem cells and sex cells have - ✔️✔️telomerase
Cancer cells are immortal because they have - ✔️✔️telomerase
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