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PHAR100 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PHAR100 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
What iiis iia iidrug? ii- iiAnswers ii-any iisubstance iireceived iiby iithe iibody iifor iinon-nutritional
iipurposes iithat iiinfluences iibiological iifunction
What iiis iipharmacology? ii- iiAnswers ii-study iiof iidrugs, iitheir iiuses, iieffects, iiand
iimethods iiof iiaction
What iiwas iithe iiinfluence iiof iiAncient iiChina iion iipharmacology? ii- iiAnswers ii--
experiements iiin ii2700 iiBC
-emperor iiShen iiNung iiclassified iidrugs iiby iitaste
-Ma iiHuang iiwas iiused iifor iicough, iiflu, iifever
How iiis iiMa iiHuang iirelevant iitoday? ii- iiAnswers ii--ephedrine iiwas iiisolated iifrom iiit,
iiwhich iiis iiused iito iitreat iiasthma
-a iiderivative iiof iiephedrine iiis iiused iias iia iidecongestant
What iiwas iithe iiinfluence iiof iiAncient iiEgypt iion iipharmacology? ii- iiAnswers ii--Ebers
iiPapyrus iifrom ii1550 iiBC iiintended iito iibe iia iimedical iitextbook
-contains iilots iiof iitrue iiinformation, iiespecially iion iipurgatives ii(cause iibowel
iimovements)
-Senna iirecommended iifor iiuse ii(still iiin iiproducts iitoday)
What iiwas iithe iiinfluence iiof iiAncient iiGreece iion iipharmacology? ii- iiAnswers ii--380 iiBC
iiTheophrastus ii(a iipupil iiof iiAristotle) iiwrote iia iitherapeutics iitextbook iithat iiinvolved
iiopium
What iidid iiSerturner iido? ii- iiAnswers ii--isolated iimorphine iicrystals, iitested iithem iion
iihimself, iifound iipain iirelieving iiproperties
-coined iiname ii"morphine" iifrom iiMorpheus, iiGod iiof iiDreams
What iiis iithe iiinfluence iiof iireligion iion iidrug iiuse? iiGive iian iiexample. ii- iiAnswers ii--
some iidrugs iiare iiused iito iialter iithe iistate iiof iiconsciousness iiand iicommunicate iiwith
iigods
-ex. iiPeyote iicactus iiin iiMexico ii(effects iisimilar iito iiLSD)
What iiare iitwo iiexamples iiof iipoisons iithat iihave iiresulted iiin iidrugs? ii- iiAnswers ii-1)
iiCurare
,2) iiErgot
What iiis iiCurare iiused iifor iias iia iipoison iiand iias iia iidrug? ii- iiAnswers ii-Poison:
iiIndigenous iipeople iiof iithe iiAmazon iidipped iiarrows iiin iiit ii(it iiacts iion iivoluntary
iimuscles; iicauses iiparalysis iiand iideath)
Drug: iiused iifor iianesthesia iibecause iiit iirelaxes iimuscles, iistructure iihas iibeen iimodified
iito iimake iiit iisafer
What iiis iiErgot iiused iifor iias iia iipoison iiand iias iia iidrug? ii- iiAnswers ii-Poison: iigrew iion
iihead iiof iirye iiand iiended iiout iiin iibread, iicausing iimass iiepidemics iiof iihallucinations,
iiloss iiof iilimbs ii(due iito iilow iiblood iiflow), iiand iiviolent iiuterine iicontractions
Drug: iitwo iiactive iiprinciples- iiergotamine iiand iiergovine
What iidoes iiergotamine iido? ii- iiAnswers ii-useful iiin iitreating iimigraines; iithought iito
iiconstrict iiblood iivessels iiand iilessen iipulsations iiin iiarterial iiblood iivessels iithat iicause
iimigraines
What iiare iiexamples iiof iidrugs iithat iiact iion iithe iibrain? ii- iiAnswers ii-reserpine,
iichlorpromazine, iilysergic iiacid iidiethylamide ii(LSD), iianaesthetics ii(nitrous iioxide,
iiether)
What iidoes iiergonovine iido? ii- iiAnswers ii-used iito iihasten iibirth iibut iiwas iistopped iidue
iito iipossible iiinjury iiof iithe iimother iifrom iirapid iidelivery; iistill iiused iito iistop iiuterine
iibleeding iiafter iichildbirth
What iiare iireserpine iiand iichlorpromazine iiand iiwhat iiare iithey iiused iifor? ii- iiAnswers ii--
extracts iiof iithe iirauwolfia iiplant
-used iito iicalm iimentally iiill iipatients ii(from iianxious/tense/hostile iito iiplacid/tranquil)
-social iibenefit iibecause iipatients iiwere iiable iito iireturn iito iitheir iifamilies iiand iiwork
What iiis iilysergic iiacid iidiethylamide ii(LSD) iiand iiwhy iiis iiit iiimportant? ii- iiAnswers ii--
synthesized iiby iiAlbert iiHofmann
-similar iiin iichemical iistructure iito iiergotamine iiand iiergonovine
-discovery iiof iipsychedelic iieffects iisupported iithe iiidea iithat iisome iimental iiillnesses
iiwere iidue iito iipotent iisubstances iiin iithe iibrain
What iiis iinitrous iioxide iiand iihow iiwas iiit iifirst iiused? ii- iiAnswers ii--anaesthetic iithat
iilessens iipain iiperception
-discovered iiin iithe ii1840s iiby iiWells, iia iidentist iiwho iiwatched iia iiperformance iiwhere iia
iiguy iitook iilaughing iigas, iigot iiin iia iifight, iiand iididn't iinotice iihe iigashed iihis iileg
-Wells iitried iiit iiin iidental iiprocedures
What iiis iiether iiand iihow iiwas iiit iifirst iiused? ii- iiAnswers ii--1818 iiFaraday iipointed iiout
iiits iiproperties iisimilar iito iinitrous iioxide
-Morton iiwas iiinterested iiin iianaesthesia iiand iipracticed iiwith iiether iion iihimself iiand
iianimals
,-he iiasked iithe iiprofessor iiof iisurgery iito iitry iiit iiand iithey iidid
-first iioperation iiunder iiether iiwas iiat iithe iiMassachusetts iiGeneral iiHospital
What iiare iisome iiexamples iiof iidrugs iithat iiact iion iiinfection iidiseases? ii- iiAnswers ii-
organoarsenicals, iisulfa iidrugs, iipenicillin, iistreptomycin
Who iidiscovered iiorganoarsenicals iiand iiwhat iido iithey iido? ii- iiAnswers ii--Paul iiEhrlich
iimade iicomplexes iiof iiarsenic iiand iiorganic iimolecules iiin iithe ii1900s
-organoarsenicals iiselectively iibind iito iiparasites, iileading iito iia iidramatic iicure iifor
iisyphilis iiin iithe iiearly ii20th iicentury
Paul iiEhrlich iiis iiknown iias iithe ii"Father iiof ii______" ii- iiAnswers ii-Chemotherapy
Who iidiscovered iisulfa iidrugs iiand iiwhat iido iithey iido? ii- iiAnswers ii--Gerhard iiDomagk
iiintroduced iithem iiin ii1930s iiGermany
-first iisynthetic iidrugs iito iitreat iibacterial iidiseases, iitermed ii"antibacterial" iicompounds
What iiis iithe iidifference iibetween iian iiantibacterial iicompound iiand iian iiantibiotic
iicompound? ii- iiAnswers ii-antibiotic= iichemical iisubstances iiproduced iiby
iimicroorganisms
antibacterial= iisynthetic iicompounds
Who iidiscovered iipenicillin iiand iiwhat iidoes iiit iido? ii- iiAnswers ii--Alexander iiFleming
iidiscovered iipenicillin ii(the iifirst iiantibiotic) iiand iiintroduced iiit iiinto iimedicine iiduring
iiWW2
-major iiuse iiwas iithe iitherapy iiof iigram-positive iibacterial iidisease
Who iidiscovered iistreptomycin iiand iiwhat iidoes iiit iido? ii- iiAnswers ii--Selman iiWaksman
iidiscovered iistreptomycin
-caused iia iiturning iipoint iiin iituberculosis iiand iigram-negative iibacterial iidisease
iitreatment
What iiare iithe iistages iiof iidrug iidevelopment iiand iiaround iihow iilong iido iithey iitake? ii-
iiAnswers ii-1) iiDrug iiDiscovery ii(3-6 iiyears)
2) iiClinical iiTrials ii(6-7 iiyears)
3) iiHealth iiCanada/FDA iiApproved iiDrug ii(0.5-2 iiyears)
What iiare iithe iisub iistages iiof iithe iiDrug iiDiscovery iiphase, iiwhat iiare iithey iiuseful iifor,
iiand iihow iimany iicompounds iiare iiinvolved? ii- iiAnswers ii-1) iiResearch iiand iidiscovery
iiof iitarget
-discovery iiof iilead iicompounds
-up iito ii25000 iicompounds
2) iiPreclinical iitesting
-determine iisafety iiand iipotential iiefficacy
-up iito ii30 iicompounds
, What iiare iithe iisub iistages iiof iithe iiClinical iiTrial iiphase, iiwhat iiare iithey iiuseful iifor, iiand
iihow iimany iicompounds iiare iiinvolved? ii- iiAnswers ii-1) iiPhase iiI
-determine iisafety iiand iitolerability
-5 iito ii30 iicompounds
2) iiPhase iiII
-determine iieffectiveness, iisafety, iiand iipharmacokinetics
-2 iito ii3 iicompounds
3) iiPhase ii3
-determine iieffectiveness iiand iisafety
-one iidrug
What iiare iithe iisub iistages iiof iithe iiHealth iiCanada/FDA iiApproved iiDrug iiphase, iiwhat
iiare iithey iiuseful iifor, iiand iihow iimany iicompounds iiare iiinvolved? ii- iiAnswers ii-1)
iiHealth iiCanada iiReview iiand iiManufacturing
-drug iiapproval iiand iiproduction
-one iidrug
2) iiPhase iiIV
-tests iilong iiterm iisafety
-one iidrug
What iisteps iiare iirequired iito iistart iiclinical iitrials? ii- iiAnswers ii-1) iisubmission iiof iiproof
iiof iisafety iiin iiseveral iianimal iispecies iito iithe iigovernment iiregulatory iiagency
2) iia iidetailed iimethodology iiof iithe iiproposed iiclinical iitrials iiin iihumans iiis iirequired
3) iithe iisubmission iiis iicarefully iievaluated iiby iiscientists; iiif iithey iiare iisatisfied
iipermission iiis iigiven iito iihighly iiqualified iiinvestigators iito iibegin iithe iitrials
Explain iia iiPhase iiI iiClinical iiTrial. ii- iiAnswers ii--conducted iiin iia iilimited iinumber iiof
iihealthy iivolunteers
-ADME iiand iiadverse iieffects iiare iistudied
-one iior iitwo iidoses iiis iiadministered iito iimeasure iitolerability
Explain iia iiPhase iiII iiClinical iiTrial. ii- iiAnswers ii--conducted iiin iia iilimited iinumber iiof
iipatients iiwith iithe iitargeted iicondition
-determines iiif iithe iidrug iiis iieffective iiin iitreating iithe iicondition
-careful iiattention iiis iipayed iito iidrug iisafety
Explain iia iiPhase iiIII iiClinical iiTrial. ii- iiAnswers ii--also iicalled ii"controlled iirandomized
iiclinical iitrials"
-used iifor iilicensing iiand iimarketing iiof iithe iidrug
-large iinumber iiof iivolunteers ii(>1000) iiin iimany iilocations iifor iilonger
-most iiexpensive iipart ii(1mil-50mil iior iimore)
-to iidetermine iiif iithe iidrug iiis iisafe iiand iieffective
What iiare iithe iifundamental iielements iiof iia iiPhase iiIII iiClinical iiTrial? ii- iiAnswers ii-1)
iiTarget iiPopulation
2) iiInclusion/Exclusion iiCriteria
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