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MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy Quality Materials hydrocarbons Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds unsaturated hydrocarbon...

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  • November 15, 2024
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MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy
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hydrocarbons
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double or
triple
polyunsaturated hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons that contain multiple double or triple C-C bonds
cyclic molecules
molecules with rings of carbon atoms
acyclic molecules
molecules that do not form a ring
Alkanes
a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
Cycloalkanes
alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure
isomers
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
Alkynes
a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. unsaturated
hydrocarbons
Bonds
Carbon triple bonds are stronger, shorter and more stable then carbon double-bonds.
Same principle applies to double over single.
Shape of carbon with 4 single bonds is
tetrahedral
Shape of carbon with a double and two single bonds is
trigonal planar
Shape of carbon with two double bonds is
linear
Shape of carbon with a triple and single bond is
linear
halogenation
The substitution of Hydrogen with one or more Halogens (F,Cl,Br,I).
haloalkanes

,hydrocarbon compounds in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halogen
atom. Are classified as being saturated hydrocarbons.
Boiling point of haloalkanes
Haloalkanes are stable and unreactive and have higher boiling point then their alkane
equivalent due to the halogen atoms creating a polar bond between a central carbon
atom. This then allows for the molecule to have dipole-dipole forces in conjunction with
dispersion
chain isomers
Type of structural isomerism: structural isomers that differ by having a different carbon
chain. Eg pentane and dimethylpropane
position isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different
positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton. Eg 1.2-
dibromoethene and 1,1-dibromoethene
benzene
Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon
bonds. Each bond is technically a 1.5 bond due to the manner in which electrons are
dispersed. Aromatic compound.
Homologous Hydrocarbons
A group of the same type of organic molecule that only differ in their length. Molecule
must be saturated. All alkanes are homologous
Polarity of alkanes
Almost non-polar because the electronegativities of carbon (2.5) and hydrogen (2.1) are
so similar
intermolecular forces of alkanes
The only intermolecular interaction between molecules of hydrocarbons are dispersion
forces.
MP and BP
Have relatively low MP and BP as dispersion forces are the easiest intermolecular
forces to overco
Functional group
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic
molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
The X symbolises
a halogen placeholder.
R is a placeholder for
a hydrocarbon chain placeholder. Rest of the molecule
Alcohols
organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups
Alkanols
A homologous series of carbon compounds containing the hydroxyl group, -OH.
General formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
Primary alcohols
only one carbon attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl functional group
secondary alcohol

, An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached a carbon that is attached to
two other carbons.
tertiary alcohol
An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is in turn
attached to three other carbons.
Ethanol uses
- Wines beers and spirits
-Additive to petroleum
-General solvent
-Reactant and solvent in industrial chemistry
methanol uses
fuel
chemical feedstock (starting material in many industrial syntheses)
solvent
propan-2-ol
A common solvent in cleaners and medicines.
For polar solvents
The smaller the alkane end, the more soluble the alcohol
For non-polar solvents
the longer the alkane end, the more soluble the alcohol
carboxyl group
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom
double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
aldehyde
An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.
Ketones
A non terminating carboxyl that occurs in the middle of a chain
Carboxylic acids
An always terminating carboxyl group that follows the general formula CxH2x+1COOH
Saturated carboxylic acids
alkanoic acid
Carboxyl group properties
Very polar as there is large electron density around the lone pairs on the oxygen atom
and double bond. Small carboxyl groups are soluble ion water while those with longer
chains are less soluble.
Aldehyde uses
It is used in tanning, preserving, and embalming and as a germicide, fungicide, and
insecticide for plants and vegetables, but its largest application is in the production of
certain polymeric materials.
Ketone uses
plastic, nail polish remover. Solvent for plastic and synthetic fibres. Biological
compounds such as testosterone
Carboxylic acids uses
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are used in the production of polymers,
biopolymers, coatings, adhesives, and pharmaceutical drugs. Used by insects as
defensive mechanism.

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