Summary

Summary PSYC 2330 final study notes

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Course
PSYC 2330 (2330)

Institution
University Of Guelph (U Of G )

Study notes for the course Principles of Learning based on the textbook 'The Principles of learning and Behaviour' by Michael Domjan.

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Uploaded on December 9, 2024
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psychology

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CHAPTER 1

Stimulus

A stimulus is any environmental event or change that elicits a response from an
organism. It serves as the basis for understanding behavior in learning theories.

Types of Stimuli:

1. Exteroceptive:
Stimuli originating from the external environment, such as light, sound, or
temperature.

o Example: A flash of lightning (visual exteroceptive stimulus) or a loud
bang (auditory exteroceptive stimulus).

2. Interoceptive:
Stimuli originating from within the body, often related to physiological states.

o Example: A feeling of hunger or increased heart rate due to anxiety.

3. Appetitive:
Stimuli that are attractive or desirable, often linked to positive reinforcement.

o Example: The smell of food when you're hungry.

4. Neutral:
Stimuli that initially have no particular significance to an organism.

o Example: A random tone that has not been paired with any
reinforcement.

5. Aversive:
Stimuli that are unpleasant or undesirable, often linked to negative
reinforcement or punishment.

o Example: A sharp pain or the sound of a loud alarm.

Response

,A response is a specific behavior elicited by a stimulus. Responses can vary in
complexity and purpose.

Homeostasis:

The body’s tendency to maintain internal balance through regulatory processes.
Responses often help restore homeostasis.

 Example: Shivering in response to cold helps maintain body temperature.

Types of Behavior:

1. Learned vs. Instinctual:

o Learned: Acquired through experience or conditioning.
Example: A dog learning to sit on command.

o Instinctual: Innate, hardwired behaviors not dependent on
experience.
Example: Birds migrating during seasonal changes.

2. Reflexive:
Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli.

o Example: The knee-jerk reflex when the patellar tendon is tapped.

3. Homeostatic:
Behaviors aimed at restoring balance in physiological states.

o Example: Drinking water to combat dehydration.

4. Autonomic:
Behaviors controlled by the autonomic nervous system, regulating
involuntary physiological functions.

o Example: Increased heart rate during stress.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits a response without prior learning.

,  Example: Food is an unconditioned stimulus that causes salivation in dogs.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

The innate, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

 Example: Salivation in response to food.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned
stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.

 Example: A bell that has been paired with food becomes a conditioned
stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

 Example: Salivation in response to the sound of a bell.

Associative Conditioning

A learning process where an association is formed between two stimuli or between a
stimulus and a response.

 Includes Pavlovian (classical) conditioning and operant conditioning.

Pavlovian Conditioning (Classical Conditioning)

A form of associative learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov, where a neutral stimulus
becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned
response.

 Example: A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell after repeated
pairings with food.

Learning as an Experimental Science

, Animal Models of Human Behavior:

Studying animals to gain insights into human behavior.

 Example: Rats are used in maze experiments to study spatial learning and
memory.

Use of Animals in Research:

 Types of Experiments: Operant conditioning chambers (Skinner boxes),
maze navigation, and fear conditioning.

 Advantages:

o Controlled environments reduce variability.

o Ethical constraints are less stringent compared to human research.

o Shorter lifespans allow longitudinal studies.

Three Rs of Animal Research:

1. Replacement: Using non-animal models where possible.

2. Reduction: Minimizing the number of animals used.

3. Refinement: Enhancing procedures to minimize suffering.

Model Organisms vs. Animal Models:

 Model Organisms: Specific species extensively studied (e.g., fruit flies,
zebrafish).

 Animal Models: Broader use of animals to simulate human conditions.

Behaviorism

A psychological perspective focusing on observable behaviors rather than mental
states.

 Key figures: John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

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