Class notes

Comprehensive Genetics Unit Key Terms

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Course
Biology

Institution
11th Grade

This document provides a thorough and easy-to-understand overview of the Genetics unit for Grade 11 Biology. It includes all key terms and concepts, such as DNA, genes, chromosomes, inheritance patterns, Punnett squares, Mendelian genetics, and genetic disorders. Additionally, it explores advanced ...

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Uploaded on December 18, 2024
Number of pages 3
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Mrs. winters
Contains All classes

Institution Secondary school
Education 11th Grade
Course Biology
School year 1

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Grade 11 Biology Notes: Genetics Unit

What is Genetics?

• Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
• Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins, which
determine traits like eye color, height, or blood type.
• DNA is stored in the nucleus of cells, packaged into structures called chromosomes.
Humans have 23 pairs (46 total) of chromosomes.

Key Terms:

1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): The molecule that carries genetic information.
2. Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
3. Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and protein; humans inherit 23 from
each parent.
4. Allele: Different versions of a gene. For example, the gene for eye color might have
alleles for blue or brown eyes.
5. Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., BB, Bb, or bb).
6. Phenotype: The physical expression of a trait (e.g., brown eyes).
7. Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., BB or bb).
8. Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene (e.g., Bb).
9. Dominant Allele: The allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele (e.g., B for brown
eyes).
10. Recessive Allele: An allele that is masked by a dominant allele (e.g., b for blue eyes).

Mendelian Genetics

• Gregor Mendel is known as the "Father of Genetics." He discovered the basic principles
of inheritance by studying pea plants.
• Mendel’s Laws:
o Law of Segregation: Each parent passes only one allele for each gene to their
offspring.
o Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are inherited
independently of each other.

Punnett Squares

• A tool to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits.
• Example: If one parent is heterozygous for brown eyes (Bb) and the other is homozygous
recessive for blue eyes (bb):

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