Class notes

Intro to T-tests

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Course
PSYB07

Institution
University Of Toronto (U Of T )

An in-depth intro into t-tests, taking a look at 3 types of t-tests. Specifically, independent samples t-tests, paired samples t-tests, and one-sample t-tests

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Uploaded on January 7, 2025
Number of pages 3
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Olivia podolak lewandowska
Contains All classes

t tests
tests
central tendency
mean
modea
mode
median
guassian
curve
tails
type 1 error
type 2 error
type 1
type 2
t

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Everything T-Tests‬
‭

‭One-Sample T-Tests‬
‭➔‬‭very similar to steps to z-tests‬
‭➔‬‭use when you’re given population mean but not population SD‬
‭◆‬ ‭working with population mean, sample mean, and sample SD‬
‭➔‬‭formula‬‭:‬
‭◆‬ ‭(sample mean - population mean) / sample standard deviation‬
‭➔‬‭the critical values change as the sample size changes‬
‭◆‬ ‭not static like z-test‬
‭◆‬ ‭the critical value is based on the degree of freedom (n-1)‬
‭◆‬ ‭as sample size increases, the t-distribution starts approaching a normal distribution (as it‬
‭starts out more platykurtic)‬
‭●‬ ‭larger sample size = less variability within sampling distribution‬
‭➔‬‭you would read a t-table based on the kind of test you do (one-tail vs two-tail) and the alpha‬
‭criterion used (i.e. .05)‬
‭➔‬‭assumptions‬‭(diagnosing the data)‬
‭◆‬ ‭dependent variable is‬‭normally distributed‬
‭◆‬ ‭the‬‭observations within the sample are independent‬‭from each other‬
‭◆‬ ‭no outliers‬‭+/- 4 SD‬
‭➔‬‭effect size‬
‭◆‬ ‭d = (sample mean - population mean) / sample SD‬

‭Independent-Samples T-Test‬
‭➔‬‭when comparing two groups but population parameters (pop. mean and pop. SD) are not‬
‭available‬
‭➔‬‭formula‬
‭◆‬ ‭t = difference of means / √s‬‭2‬‭/n + s‬‭2‬‭/n‬
‭●‬ ‭even n‬
‭◆‬ ‭t = difference of means / pooled variance‬
‭●‬ ‭uneven n‬
‭➔‬‭use N-2 for degrees of freedom‬
‭◆‬ ‭because you’re accounting for 2 samples‬
‭◆‬ ‭N is also the total number, so both the samples combined‬
‭➔‬‭effect size‬‭:‬

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