Class notes

Intro to Language + Practice Questions

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Course
PSYB55H3

Institution
University Of Toronto (U Of T )

A summary of lecture notes on the neuroscience and psychological aspect of language. Practice questions are included at the end to test the student's knowledge

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Uploaded on January 7, 2025
Number of pages 11
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Michael souza
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PSYB55 Lecture Notes and Practice Questions

CA$ 82.39 CA$ 35.49 11 items

1. Class notes - Intro to cognitive functions + practice questions
2. Class notes - Intro to language + practice questions
3. Class notes - Intro to emotion + practice questions
4. Class notes - Intro to memory + practice questions
5. Class notes - Intro to motor control + practice questions
6. Class notes - Intro to attention + practice questions
7. Class notes - Intro to object recognition + practice questions
8. Class notes - Intro to perception + practice questions
9. Class notes - Methods in neuroscience + practice questions
10. Class notes - The fundamentals of neurons and neurotransmitters
11. Class notes - The history of neuroscience
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‭Lecture 10 - Language‬

‭The Major Components of [Oral] Language‬
‭🧠‬ ‭phonological Skills‬‭: an awareness of sounds [i.e.‬‭syllables and rhymes]‬
‭○‬ ‭study of sound relating to language‬
‭○‬ ‭every language has their own sounds‬
‭🧠‬‭morphological skills‬‭: understanding the meaning of‬‭word forms and parts‬
‭○‬ ‭meaning of the sounds of language‬
‭🧠‬‭syntax‬‭: understand word order and grammar rules‬
‭○‬ ‭knowledge of language rules [i.e. structure and grammar]‬
‭🧠‬‭semantics / vocabulary‬‭: understanding the meaning‬‭of words and phrases‬
‭○‬ ‭knowledge of stringing words together‬
‭🧠‬‭pragmatics‬‭: understanding the social rules of communication‬
‭○‬ ‭hidden meaning behind language‬
‭○‬ ‭i.e. sarcasm, idioms, etc.‬
‭Hemispheric Dominance for Language‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the right tends to bias attention, whereas the left tends to bias language‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the‬‭wada test‬‭was an‬‭invasive‬‭method used to determine‬‭the hemisphere dominantly used for‬
‭language‬
‭○‬ ‭administer anesthesia to put half the brain to put it to sleep‬
‭■‬ ‭through the left carotid artery‬
‭○‬ ‭once half the brain is asleep, the individual would be asked to complete a set of language tasks‬
‭■‬ ‭impaired language function = left side dominant for language‬
‭○‬ ‭i.e. show individual a spoon, and then put half the brain to sleep (i.e. left side); once the hemi is‬
‭asleep, ask the individual what they saw‬
‭■‬ ‭if left side dominant for language, won’t be able to verbally tell you what they saw‬
‭because their language area would be impaired‬
‭●‬ ‭would be able to point to a picture of the spoon to communicate what they saw‬
‭however‬
‭🧠‬‭a‬‭non-invasive‬‭method to determine which hemi is language‬‭dominant was‬‭fMRI‬
‭Handedness and Language Relationship‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the left brain controls right side of the body, so when language is dominant for the left brain, there is a‬
‭strong relationship between language and the right hand‬
‭🧠‬‭tower plot graph (pictured to the right‬
‭○‬ ‭a greater number of the subjects evaluated demonstrated to be left‬
‭hemi dominant and right handed (top right quadrant)‬
‭○‬ ‭left hemi dominant and left handed seems to be the second most‬
‭common‬
‭○‬ ‭being right hemi dominant does occur, but rare and uncommon‬

, ‭🧠‬‭right brain dominance plot graph (pictured to the right)‬
‭○‬ ‭visual representation of being right hemi dominant for‬
‭language and the typically the dominant hand you use‬
‭○‬ ‭most right hemi dominant individuals are shown to be left‬
‭handed‬
‭○‬ ‭the number of individuals that are right hemi dominant for‬
‭language and right handed is far less‬
‭🧠‬‭typically for fMRI studies, researchers look at individuals that are rand handed‬
‭○‬ ‭b/c there’s more variability among individuals that are left handed‬
‭■‬ ‭meaning that handedness is a major confound in neuroimaging‬
‭○‬ ‭this is, however, a HUGE methodological limitation (decreases generalizability due to‬
‭excluding certain portion of the population)‬
‭Locating Language in the Brain‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭frontal lobe = language‬‭production‬
‭○‬ ‭Broca's area‬
‭○‬ ‭a‬‭unilateral‬‭brain area, hence it’s only on the side‬‭of the brain that is dominant for language‬
‭(i.e. left hemi language dominant = Broca’s area on the left side of brain)‬
‭🧠‬‭temporal lobe = language‬‭comprehension‬
‭○‬ ‭Wernicke’s area‬
‭🧠‬‭the‬‭Broca’s area‬‭and‬‭Wernicke’s area‬‭are connected‬‭by a bundle of white matter (‬‭arcuate fasciculus)‬
‭○‬ ‭arcuate - arched‬
‭○‬ ‭fasciculus - bundle of white matter‬
‭Broca’s Aphasia‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the inability to produce speech‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭founded by Paul Broca, through 2 case studies‬
‭○‬ ‭case study #1‬‭: Louis Victor Leborgne‬
‭■‬ ‭chronic epilepsy earlier in life‬
‭■‬ ‭only produce the utterance of “tan”‬
‭■‬ ‭other mental faculties intact‬
‭■‬ ‭autopsy post death revealed damage to the left inferior frontal lobe, now known as‬
‭Broca’s area‬
‭○‬ ‭case study #2‬‭: Lazare Lelong‬
‭■‬ ‭treated for dementia at 84‬
‭■‬ ‭could produce 5 distinct utterances [i.e. oui]‬
‭■‬ ‭autopsy revealed of the areas of damage in the brain, Broca’s area was affected‬
‭🧠‬‭this disability is the inability to think about the sounds that need to be produced in order to speak‬
‭○‬ ‭reading might be impaired‬
‭○‬ ‭inner monologue might disappear for some individuals‬
‭○‬ ‭some can write, some can’t‬

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