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Class notes

Intro to Motor Control + Practice Questions
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A summary of lecture notes on motor control, along with practice questions to help students better understand and test their knowledge on the concept

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  • January 7, 2025
  • 9
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Michael souza
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‭Lecture 07 - Motor Control‬

‭🧠‬ ‭movement is a complex orchestra of parts of the brain that work together to coordinate the‬
‭movement thoughtfully and effectively‬
‭○‬ ‭basal ganglia‬‭initiates and switches between diff‬‭types of movements‬
‭○‬ ‭parts of the‬‭association cortex‬‭(especially those‬‭important for working memory) help‬
‭keep in mind what to do‬
‭■‬ ‭to translate that idea into a set of motor actions‬
‭Joint Articulation‬
‭🧠‬ ‭looking at muscle contractions is important when looking at movement‬
‭🧠‬ ‭electromyography‬‭(EMG) is used to measure muscle contraction‬
‭○‬ ‭similar to EEG‬
‭■‬ ‭EMG‬‭→ measures signals in the‬‭body/muscles‬
‭■‬ ‭EEG‬‭→ measures signals in the‬‭brain‬
‭○‬ ‭electrodes are placed on particular set of muscles‬
‭■‬ ‭measures‬‭extent to which they‬‭contract / relax‬
‭🧠‬ ‭many‬‭groups of muscles‬‭act in‬‭opposition to each other‬‭(antagonist pairs)‬
‭○‬ ‭i.e. biceps and triceps‬
‭■‬ ‭when the bicep is extended the tricep is relaxed; vice versa‬
‭Neuromuscular Junction‬
‭🧠‬ ‭motor neurons communicate w/ muscles fibers‬
‭based on what the individual wants to move‬
‭○‬ ‭communication is done through‬
‭neurotransmitter,‬‭acetylcholine (ACH)‬‭which‬
‭causes muscle to contract‬
‭○‬ ‭relevant motor neurons contract relevant muscle‬
‭for particular movement‬
‭🧠‬ ‭muscle fibers are the interphase for CNS and the body‬
‭○‬ ‭controls the carrying out of wishes and goals in the environment‬
‭🧠‬ ‭under typical circumstances, releasing of‬‭ACH causes‬‭muscle contraction‬‭[‬‭controlled‬
‭movement‬‭]‬
‭○‬ ‭careful synergy‬‭of how ACH operates between the motor‬‭neuron and muscle fiber‬
‭○‬ ‭important the process is tightly regulated for careful contraction to desired extend and‬
‭to relax when needed‬
‭🧠‬ ‭# of conditions that could jeopardize the process‬
‭○‬ ‭botox‬
‭■‬ ‭used for relaxing muscles‬

, ‭■‬ ‭blocks ACH receptors → forcing relaxation‬
‭○‬ ‭black widow venom‬
‭■‬ ‭causes hyper release of ACH‬
‭■‬ ‭uncontrolled ACH release → uncontrolled movement‬
‭●‬ ‭muscle spasms‬
‭●‬ ‭contractions‬
‭●‬ ‭death [some cases]‬
‭●‬ ‭affect motor neurons that control breathing‬
‭○‬ ‭Myasthenia Gravis‬
‭■‬ ‭medical condition characterized by “grave muscle weakness”‬
‭■‬ ‭ACH receptors are much less effective‬
‭●‬ ‭not optimal for operation‬
‭■‬ ‭chronic challenge to control movement‬
‭■‬ ‭illustrates the proper balance of ACH between motor neurons and muscles fibers‬
‭Signaling Between the Body and the Spinal Cord‬
‭🧠‬ ‭the spine primarily carries two kinds of information‬
‭○‬ ‭motor information‬‭to control motor signals‬
‭○‬ ‭somatosensory information‬‭from body to carry to the‬‭brain‬
‭🧠‬ ‭somatosensory input → afferent signals‬
‭○‬ ‭body to brain‬
‭🧠‬ ‭motor output → efferent signals‬
‭○‬ ‭brain to body‬
‭🧠‬ ‭complex actions [a kick to knee] only needs a handful of neurons, doesn’t necessarily have‬
‭to be sent to brain‬




‭⭐‬ ‭think input above and output bottom‬




‭Major Motor Pathways‬
‭🧠‬ ‭two kinds of tracts‬
‭○‬ ‭pyramidal tract‬

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