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  3. University Of Toronto (U Of T )
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  5. Psychology
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  7. PSYB55H3

Class notes

Intro to Perception + Practice Questions
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A summary of lecture notes on Perception, along with practice questions to help students better understand and test their knowledge on the concept

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  • January 7, 2025
  • 6
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Michael souza
  • All classes

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‭Methods‬

‭🧠‬‭perception‬‭- how we recognize things in the world‬
‭From Sensation to Perception‬
‭🧠‬‭sensation‬‭- the physical process of taking the physical‬‭energy in our environment and‬
‭converting into neural signals that the brain can understand‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭perception‬‭- the brain’s interpretation the neural‬‭signals in order to understand what’s going‬
‭on in the environment‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭stimuli → sensation → perception‬
‭Gross Anatomy of the Eye‬




‭🧠‬‭photoreceptors‬‭reside at the back of the eye (retina)‬
‭○‬ ‭captures the light from the environment and make sense of it‬
‭○‬ ‭sends information perceived to the brain for processing‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the‬‭lens‬‭refracts the image to the photoreceptors‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the eye has a spot considered the‬‭blindspot‬
‭○‬ ‭part of the retina that don’t have any photoreceptors‬
‭○‬ ‭AKA the optic nerve‬
‭○‬ ‭located at the back of the eye where the cells exit the eye to feed the brain information‬
‭■‬ ‭the left eye fills in blanks in the environment of the visual right field, vice versa‬
‭for the right eye and the left visual field‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭bipolar and‬‭ganglion cells‬‭represent diff info‬
‭○‬ ‭more of these cells = more info being represented‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭light has to pass through the translucent cells found in the middle layer‬

‭Visual deficits‬
🧠
‭ ‬ ‭can be either be because of eye problems or problems in the brain‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭a problem with the eye that can cause visual deficit could be because of‬‭retina detaching‬
‭‬
○ ‭ lindness can be caused if it becomes fully detached‬
b
‭○‬ ‭associated w/ medical conditions [i.e. high BP, diabetes, etc.)‬
‭○‬ ‭slowly starts peeling off from the back of the eye‬
‭○‬ ‭the longer you wait to fix the problem causes it to detach more, making it harder to‬
‭fix/reattach‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭solution for retina detachment =‬‭retinal implant device‬

, ‭‬ m
○ ‭ imics what the retina would do‬
‭○‬ ‭invasive process but still game changing for this visual problem‬

‭Primary Projection Pathways of Visual System‬




🧠
‭ ‬‭each eye contributes to each side of the visual fields‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the‬‭optic chiasm‬‭is where the optic nerves cross‬
‭○‬ ‭peripheral vision crosses here‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the‬‭pituitary gland‬‭sits on top of the optic chiasm‬
‭○‬ ‭when the PG swells or becomes cancerous, it inhibits the optic chiasm from‬
‭processing the side fields‬
‭■‬ ‭this causes‬‭tunnel vision‬
‭■‬ ‭inhibits peripheral vision‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭visual impairment can be caused either at the eye level or at a neurological level‬
‭○‬ ‭neurological level =‬‭damage to one of the brain structures‬‭a part of the visual pathways‬

‭Blind Spots Caused by Brain Injury‬
‭🧠‬‭retinotopic mapping‬‭= a map created by the brain to‬‭replicate the world being perceived‬
‭○‬ ‭onto the primary visual cortex‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭injury to the retinotopic map causes‬‭scotoma‬‭that‬‭corresponds to that location‬
‭○‬ ‭scotoma = a blindspot or visual field abnormality that can occur in either one or both‬
‭eyes‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭fovea is the center of the retinotopic mapping, captures what the individual is directly‬
‭looking at‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the fovea is split into 12 parts that correspond to an area of the visual‬
‭cortex map‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭damage to the entire left occipital lobe impacts the right visual field‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭when there are visual impairments that stem from damage to the‬
‭brain the blindness is categorized as‬‭cortical blindness‬




‭Congenital Blindness‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭blind from birth‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭study shows that individuals that are born blind and learn braille later in life show activation‬
‭in the occipital lobe‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the evidence shows that the occipital lobe is rewired/remapped to help with the sense of‬
‭touch‬
‭○‬ ‭this rewiring is able to occur due to neuroplasticity‬
🧠
‭ ‬‭the ‘touch lobe’ still works the way it usually does, just with a little more help‬

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