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Anatomy and Physiology Summary for 1st Year College Students CA$8.83
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Anatomy and Physiology Summary for 1st Year College Students
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  • Course
  • MC 1
  • Institution
  • San Pedro College
  • Book
  • Human Anatomy

This provides brief yet concise descriptions of human anatomy. It covers the foundation of human anatomy and anything you need to learn to pass, and even ace the exams.

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Document information

  • January 8, 2025
  • 224
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Dr. ycong
  • All classes

Subjects

  • anatomy
  • physiology
  • human anatomy
  • body
  • anatomy and physiology
  • brain
  • heart
  • kidneys
  • lungs

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Levels of Structural
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Organization
1. Chemical Level
- Studies the structure of body parts and their
2. Cellular Level
relationships to one another.
3. Tissue Level
- Means “to dissect”, or cut apart, and separate.
- Four types:
- Static
1. Epithelial
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy 2. Connective
- The study of LARGE body structures visible to 3. Muscle
the naked eye. 4. Nervous
Types of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy: 4. Organ Level
- Systemic Anatomy (by systems) 5. Organ System Level
- Regional Anatomy (by areas/regions) 6. Organismal Level
- Surface Anatomy (The study of internal structures
as they relate to the overlying skin surface)
Organ Systems
Developmental Anatomy - Are interrelated and synergistic in order to
- Traces structural changes that occur maintain life.
throughout the life span.
- Ex. Embryology
Integumentary System
- Forms external body covering
Microscopic Anatomy - Protects deeper tissues
- deals with structures too small to be seen - Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
with the naked eye. cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors,
- Ex. Cytology (Study of cells), Histology (Study of and sweat and oil glands.
tissues)
Muscular System
Physiology - Allows manipulation of the environment
- Concerns the function of the body, in other - Locomotion
words, how the body parts work and carry out
their life-sustaining activities. Skeletal System
- Dynamic - Protects and supports
- Provides framework
PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY
Nervous System
OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Control system
- Anatomy and Physiology are really inseparable
- Responds to internal & external changes
because function always reflects structure.
Endocrine System
The Six Characteristics of Life - Glands secrete Hormones
1. Organization - For growth, reproduction, and nutrient use
2. Metabolism (metabolism)
- Ability to use energy.
Cardiovascular System
3. Responsiveness
- Transport blood, which carries nutrients,
4. Growth
oxygen, etc.
5. Development
6. Reproduction Lymphatic System
- Disposes of debris in the Lymphatic
stream
- Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels


Prepared by: Ilenatics

,ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
- For immune response Excretion
- Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) - Remove waste products
Respiratory System
- Constantly supplies oxygen
- Removes Carbon dioxide Reproduction
- Occurs both at a:
Digestive System o Cellular Level
- Breaks down food into smaller absorbable o Organismal Level
units
Growth
Urinary System - Increase in size of a body part or the
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the organism as a whole (Micro/Macro Level).
body. - Construction OUT-PACES destruction
- Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-
Examples:
base balance of the blood.
1. Hypertrophy (Increase cell size)
Reproductive System 2. Hyperplasia (Increase no. of cells)
- To produce offspring


Necessary Life Functions of Survival Needs of a Human
1. Nutrients
Organ Systems 2. Oxygen
3. Water (ps.50-60% of body weight is H2O)
Maintains Boundaries 4. Heat (Normal temp.= 37°C/ 98.6°F)
- Ex. Plasma membrane (Separates - If temp. is <normal,
intracellular from intracellular fluid) o Metabolism SLOWS DOWN
- If temp. is >normal,
Protective Nature
o Metabolism is TOO RAPID
- Heat
5. Atmospheric Pressure
- Dehydration
- Toxins
- Pathogens HOMEOSTASIS
- The state of balance/equilibrium among all
Movement the body systems.
- Ability to manipulate external environment - The ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the
Responsiveness outside world changes continuously.
- Ability to sense stimuli and respond to - Coined by Walter Cannon
them. - Accomplished by NERVOUS &
- May or may not be involuntary (withdrawal
ENDOCRINE systems though:
reflex) o Neural electric impulses
Digestion o Blood-borne hormones
- Ability to breakdown ingested food into The Four Components of
simpler molecules.
Homeostasis:
Metabolism (“a state of change”) - The variable is the factor or event being
- Chemical reactions that occur in the body regulated.

Types: 1. Stimulus (Changes)
- Anabolism (Build-up) - Anything your body perceives
- Catabolism (Breakdown) - Ex. Raised temperature


Prepared by: Ilenatics

,ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Body Positions:
2. Sensor / Affector / Receptor
SUPINE Position
- Senses the stimulus
- Sends input through the AFFERENT - Lying face upward
PATHWAY to the control center.
PRONE Position
- Lying face downward
3. Control Center
- Determines the set point, which is the
level (or range of levels) at which a
variable is to be maintained. Directional Terms
- Processes the info SUPERIOR
- Sends output/information to the effector - AKA Cranial / Cephalad
through the EFFERENT PATHWAY. - Above, or Up

4. Effector INFERIOR
- Carries out the control center’s response - AKA Caudal
to the stimuli - Below or Down
- Produces the effect after sensing
ANTERIOR
Types of Feedback -
-
AKA Ventral
Front of the body
Negative Feedback Mechanism - Front part of an area of the body based on
- Shuts off the original effect of the stimulus. the anatomical position
- Direction is OPPOSITE to the initial
change. POSTERIOR
- Examples: - AKA Dorsal
o Regulation of Body Temp. (ps. Ur - Back of the body
hypothalamus is ur body’s - Back part of an area of the body based on
thermoregulator)
the anatomical position
o Withdrawal Reflex
o Hormonal Negative FB Mechanism MEDIAL
(control of blood sugar by insulin)
- Towards the midline
Positive Feedback Mechanism
LATERAL
- Enhances the original stimulus so that
- Away from the midline
further responses are even greater.
- SAME direction to the initial change. INTERMEDIATE
- Often referred to as cascades (“to fall”),
- Between two structures
similar to a waterfall
- Examples: PROXIMAL
o Child birth
- Closer to a reference
o Blood clotting
- Mainly used for limbs

Anatomical Position DISTAL
- A person standing erect - Farther to a reference
- Face directed forward - Mainly used for limbs
- Arms hanging to the sides
SUPERFICIAL
- Palms of the hands facing forward
- A structure closer to the surface of the
body


Prepared by: Ilenatics

, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
DEEP Right-Lower Quadrant Left-Lower Quadrant
- A structure closer to the surface of the
body.
The Organs in Every Region:
Right - Liver
Hypochondriac - Right Kidney (Upper)
Planes and Sections of the Region - Gallbladder
- Small intestine
Body - Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
Planes: Epigastric Region - Esophagus
1. Midsagittal / Sagittal Plane - Stomach
- Separates into left and right parts - Liver
- Sagittal (means “flight of an arrow") - Spleen
- Common type: - Pancreas
- Small intestine
o Median Plane (Divides the body
- Transverse colon
into two equal parts) - Right and left kidneys
2. Frontal / Coronal Plane - Right and left ureters
- Divides the body into anterior and - Right and left Adrenal
posterior parts glands
- Coronal (“crown”) Left Hypochondriac - Stomach
3. Transverse / Horizontal Plane Region - Liver’s top left lobe
- Runs parallel to the surface of the ground - Spleen
- Left kidney
- Divides into superior and inferior parts
- Pancreas’ tail
- Jejunum
Organ Sectioning - Transverse colon
1. Longitudinal Section - Descending colon
- Cut through the long axis of the organ Right Lumbar - Lower part of the right
2. Transverse Section Region lobe liver
- AKA Cross section - Gallbladder
- Cut is right angle to the long axis of the - Small intestine
organ - Ascending colon
- Part of the right
3. Oblique Section
kidney
- Cut is an angle other than 90° to the long - Stomach
Umbilical Region
axis - Pancreas
- Small intestine

Abdominopelvic Quadrants -
-
Transverse colon
Right and left ureters
and Regions -
-
Cisterna chyli
Medial parts of the
lower right and left
kidneys.
Left Lumbar Region - Portion of the small
intestine
- Part of the
descending colon
- Part of the left kidney
Right Iliac Region - Small intestine
- Vermiform appendix
- Cecum
- Right ovary & right
uterine (fallopian) tube
Quadrants: - Ascending colon
Right-Upper Quadrant Left-Upper Quadrant Hypogastric Region - Small intestine
- Sigmoid colon


Prepared by: Ilenatics

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