Class notes

Biolgy 20 Alberta Ciriculum

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Course
Biology

Institution
11th Grade

This document covers several units of biology, focusing on key biological systems and processes. Here's a quick breakdown: Unit 1: Macromolecules and Digestion Describes macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains their role in energy storage, body func...

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Uploaded on January 12, 2025
Number of pages 36
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Keeping private
Contains All classes

Institution Secondary school
Education 11th Grade
Course Biology
School year 2

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Unit 1 Bio

6.1

Macromolecules- complex groups of organic molecules- made of amino acids,
the backbone of amino acids are -N-C-C

Types of macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids

These can be assembled through
Dehydration Synthesis, two monomers turn into a polymer, water is
removed from the two monomers
and disassembled through
Hydrolysis, water being used to cut large molecules smaller, water gets
added back in

The chemicals in these processes will differ for each macromolecule

Carbohydrates
- Energy storage
- Made of carbon,oxygen, and hydrogen
Simple sugars- monosaccharides, single rings. Disaccharides, double ring
Complex sugars- polysaccharides, larger structures
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen. 1:2:1 ratio

Lipids
- Save energy
- Body heat
- Protect organs
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Steroids and hormones

, - Insoluble in water
- Hydrophobic
for lipids a monomer is a fatty acid. When the monomers (fatty acids)
create a long chain, it becomes a polymer which is a lipid

Fatty acid is joined through dehydration synthesis

Triglyceride is a type of polymer, made up of one long glycerol and three
fatty acids.

Unsaturated fats
- Single bonds with neighbor hydrocarbon chain
- Animal origin
- Solid at room temp

Saturated fats
- Double bond in carbon chain
- Plant origin
- Solid at room temp

Proteins
Main functions
- Structural- muscles, hair, and nails
- Communication- neurotransmit, hormones
- Chemical reactions- enzymes
- Immunity- antigens and antibodies

Made of
- polymers of monomers of amino acids
- R variable
- Made of polypeptides of polymers of amino acids
- The amino acids are joined by the peptide bond through dehydration
synthesis

Nucleic acids

,Main functions
- Direct growth
- Develop
- Cell functions
- Characteristics

Two types
1. RNA
2. DNA

Made of
- Chains of subunits linked- nucleotide
- Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base

Monomer- nucleotides
Polymer- nucleic acids

Catalyst- chemicals that control the speed of reactions without altering the
product formed by the reactions and without changing themselves

, Enzymes- type of catalyst that permits chemical reactions in the body at low
temperatures, reduces the amount of energy and works more efficiently resulting
in same product
Ends in “ase”

Substrate- molecules that enzyme attach with
How it works
- Substrate molecules combine with specific enzyme active site that has a
specific shape
- They attach to make an enzyme-substrate
- Molecules are changed
- Release with new made product

Cofactors and coenzymes help enzymes combine with substrate molecules
Factors affecting enzymes
- Cofactors and coenzymes
- Temperature, high temp break proteins, low temp fewer collision
- PH
- Enzyme concentrate
- Substrate concentrate
- Competitive inhibitors

6.2- digestive

4 stages of digestion: ingestions, digestion, absorption, egestion

Nutrient Carb -starch protein lipid DNA

digestion mouth Stomach Stomach SI and help of pancreas

absorption SI SI ST SI

Enzyme Amylase from salivary Pepsinogen- Lipase nuctletidas
glands pepsin

Secretion- break down of molecules by chemical means

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