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Summary Personality Theory & Assessment - Exam Materials: Complete Book AND Lectures - BSc Psychology Y1, Period 5 - VU University Amsterdam CA$4.58   Add to cart
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Summary Personality Theory & Assessment - Exam Materials: Complete Book AND Lectures - BSc Psychology Y1, Period 5 - VU University Amsterdam

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  • Course
  • Persoonlijkheidsleer en Persoonlijkheidsonderzoek (P_BPEROND)
  • Institution
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  • Book
  • Personality Psychology 2e ed

Free to download for anyone until the first of September 2021! I hope it helps some who still have to resit in passing the course. Summary of Personality Psychology (2nd ED): all chapters all lecture materials important for the exam. - Contains specific notes from each lecture that were NO...

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  • June 23, 2020
  • 38
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

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  • personality psychology
  • engels
  • english
  • psychology
  • personality th
  • summary personality psychology
  • personality psychology book
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  • lecture notes personality psychology

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  • Persoonlijkheidsleer en Persoonlijkheidsonderzoek (P_BPEROND)
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Chapter 1 – Introduction to Personality Psychology:

Personality: the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual
that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions
with, and adaptions to, the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments
 Useful in describing, explaining, predicting differences between individuals

Psychological traits: characteristics that describe ways in which people are different
from each other or similar to each other – describe average tendencies
Psychological mechanisms: processes of personality, most of which are cognitive
Person-environment interactions include: perceptions, selections, evocations, and
manipulations
 Selections: manner in which we choose situations to enter – friends, hobbies,
classes etc.
 Evocations: reactions we produce in others, often unintentionally
 Manipulations: ways in which we intentionally attempt to influence others

Three levels of personality analysis:
1. The human nature level: the ways in which we are all alike
2. The level of individual and group differences: the ways in which we are like some
but unlike others
 Group differences: men and women, cultural differences
3. The individual uniqueness level: the ways in which we are unlike any other
person
 Nomothetic approach: aims to identify universal characteristics and
dimensions of individual or group differences
 Idiographic approach: aims to observe general principles that are manifest in
a single life over time

Grand theories of personality often focus on the human nature level of analysis
Contemporary research in personality focuses on the ways in which individuals and
groups differ

Six domains of knowledge about human nature:
1. Dispositional domain: ways in which individuals differ from one another and origin
and development of these differences
2. Biological domain: sees humans as collections of biological systems which
provide building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion – genetics,
psychophysiology, and evolution
3. Intrapsychic domain: mental mechanisms of personality, many of which are
unconscious
4. Cognitive-experiential domain: focuses on cognition and subjective experience;
conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, desires about oneself and others, also includes
intelligence, goals we strive for, and emotions
5. Social and cultural domain: personality affects, and is affected by the social and
cultural context
6. Adjustment domain: personality plays a key role in how we cope with, adapt and
adjust to the ebb and flow of events in our day-to-day lives

Five scientific standards for evaluating personality theories:

1

,  Comprehensiveness: explains most or all known facts
 Heuristic value: guides researchers to important new discoveries
 Testability: makes precise predictions that can be empirically tested
 Parsimony: contains few premises or assumptions
 Compatibility and integration across domains and levels: consistent with what
is known in other domains

Chapter 2 – Personality Assessment, Measurement and Research Design:

Sources of personality data:
1. Self-report data (S-Data)
 Experience sampling: people answer some questions every day for several
weeks or longer
2. Observer-report (O-Data)
 Multiple observers help establish interrater reliability
 Using multiple intimate observers aids in assessing multiple social
personalities
3. Test data (T-Data): places participants in standardized testing situation in order
to determine whether different people react differently to an identical situation
 Mechanical recording devices
 Physiological data – fMRI
 Projective techniques – inkblot
4. Life-outcome data (L-Data): information gleaned from events, activities, and
outcomes in a person’s life available to public scrutiny

Aggregation: process of averaging several single observations, resulting in a more
reliable measure of a personality trait

Evaluation of personality measures:
1. Reliability
 Response sets: tendency of some people to respond to the questions on a
basis unrelated to question content
2. Validity
3. Generalizability

Development of measurement instruments:
Focus groups: groups representative for the population at which the instrument is
targeted – test preliminary test banks

Research designs in personality:
1. Experimental methods
 Counterbalancing order of conditions establishes equivalence by ruling out
order effects as a consequence of being exposed to one condition first
2. Correlational studies
3. Case studies: most often used as a source of hypotheses and means to illustrate
a principle


Part 1 – The Dispositional Domain



2

, Chapter 3 – Traits and Trait Taxonomies:

Traits can be described as:
1. Internal causal properties
2. Purely descriptive summaries

Personality coherence: the shifting of the manifestation of personality with age
States: vary across time and situations and are within-subject variations of behavior
– emotions

Act frequency approach: scoring high on a trait reflects the trend of performing a
large number of acts within a certain category relative to others

Three approaches to identifying important traits:
1. Lexical approach: all traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of
the natural way of describing differences between people – 2 criteria for identifying
important traits:
 Synonym frequency
 Cross-cultural universality
2. Statistical approach: uses factor analysis and other statistical procedures to
identify major personality traits
3. Theoretical approach: relies on theories to identify important traits by strictly
determining which variables are important

Taxonomies of personality:
1. Eysenck’s hierarchical model of personality
2. Cattell’s 16 personality factor system
3. Circumplex model of personality – interpersonal circumplex:
 Concerns interpersonal traits
 Interpersonal is defined as interactions between people involving exchanges
 Two resources defining social exchange are love and dominance
 Advantage of providing an explicit and precise definition of interpersonal
transactions
 Advantage of specifying relationships between each trait and every other
trait within the model
 Specifies three types of relationships: adjacency, bipolarity, orthogonality
4. Five-factor model: list of words describing stable traits from the dictionary was
used for a lexical and subsequent factor analysis
 Extraversion – introversion
 Agreeableness – aggressiveness
 Conscientiousness
 Emotional stability – neuroticism
 Openness
> High replicability
5. HEXACO model of personality: additional factor honesty-humility added to the
five-factor model
 Neuroticism in the big five includes a quick temper and irritability, in the
HEXACO model these fall under agreeableness




3

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