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Stress, Health and Disease (IBP) - Summary (Book and Lectures!)

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  • Course
  • Stress, Health and Disease
  • Institution
  • Universiteit Leiden (UL)
  • Book
  • Why Zebras Don\'t Get Ulcers

Very compact (and yet comprehensive in detail!) notes on the material from the book, completed with additional information from the lectures of the course. Especially good for a complete overview before the exam!

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  • Unknown
  • June 27, 2020
  • 13
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

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  • stress health and disease
  • summary

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  • WHY ZEBRAS DON'T GET ULCERS BY ROBERT M. SAPOLSKY
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  • Universiteit Leiden (UL)
  • Psychologie
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Main Topics Notes

1. Why Don't Zebras Get - not so much about infectious diseases, or of malnutrition or hygiene
Ulcers? - we slowly fall apart: heart disease, cancer, immune, cerebrovascular; stress
- acute physical crises (zebras hurt by lions); chronic physical stress; psychological and
social disruptions (thoughts can equally race our body, disaster when chronic)
- body seeks homeostasis: optimal level of physiology
- stressor: what unbalances homeostasis; stress-response to reestablish it
- also anticipatory stress-response (can be protective, preparative; but if we cannot do
anything about it, may lead to anxiety, neurosis…)
- 1930s, Hans Selye: began stress physiology, chased rats around lab for injections,
even control groups had ulcers; 1) body has same stress response to varied stressors,
2) if stressors last too long, they may increase risk of disease that make you sick
allostasis - vs homeostasis (narrow changes for equal stability); 1) "constancy through change"
(stability varies across situations); 2) brain coordinates body-wide changes; 3) also in
anticipation to stressor
- rapid mobilization of glucose and protein from storage + inhibition of storage
- heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate increase to deliver energy and oxygen
faster to muscles
- shuts down long-term projects (digestion, reproduction, growth, immunity, pain)
- cognitive and sensory shi s: better memory, sharper senses
- fight-or-flight syndrome, stages: 1. alarm → 2. adaptation/resistance → 3. exhaustion
(stress-response becomes + damaging than stressor itself if chronical): easy fatigue,
diabetes, cardiovascular problems, stress dwarfism, less sex drive, risk of infections
- costs of balancing the torrents of stress hormones (elephants on seesaw): loss of
potential energy, + wear and tear from the action of so many hormones (= allostatic
load), + it's delicate to try to balance hormones back w/ synchronicity
2. Glands, Gooseflesh &
Hormones
autonomic nervous system - projects to organs; relatively involuntary, but some control (eg. toilet training)
- sympathetic NS: branch out from spine to every organ, vessel, sweat gland;
mediates 4 F's behavior (flight, fight, fright and sex); release adrenaline (epinephrine, to
adrenal glands) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine, to all body)
- parasympathetic NS: rest & digest; growth, energy storage; does opposite to
sympathetic, same part in brain inhibits the other
brain - real master gland; neural route (autonomic NS) & hormones
- Guillemin and Schally competed in extracting, purifying, isolating the first brain
hormone (controls thyroid through pituitary) from slaughtered animals
- hypothalamus (releasing & inhibiting hormones) → pituitary → peripheral glands
hormones of - glucocorticoids: steroid hormones (androgens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids,
stress-response estrogens, progestins); act slowly; together w/ epinephrine & norepinephrine (fast)
- CRH from brain (corticotropin releasing hormone) → triggers pituitary release
ACTH (corticotropin) → triggers adrenal gland release glucocorticoids
- pancreas release glucagon (w/ glucocorticoids, raise glucose in bloodstream)
- pituitary release prolactin: suppression of reproduction
- pituitary release antidiuretic hormone (cardiovascular stress-response)
- brain and pituitary release endorphins and enkephalins (blunt pain perception)
- secretion of various hormones also inhibited (reproductive, growth, energy storage)
- Taylor: it's ≠ for females: tend & befriend, oxytocin; BUT: both patterns of behaviors
complications happen in both sexes
- if glucocorticoids take so long, how are they useful in acute stress crises?
- timing, quantity, duration of hormones vary per type of stressor too
- stress = every possible threat to attainment of psychobiological goals
1. The ins and outs of the - stress response = negative <3 response to stressor, psychobiological in nature
mind's effects on the body - stress to health: ⅔ of doctor visits; increases risk for diseases, cardiovascular (CVD)

, routes stress→ disease 1- stress→ health behavior (indirect; smoke, alcohol, junk food); 2- psychobiological
effects (direct to disease); 3- lower cognitive capacities (→ health behavior)
- stressor → primary appraisal (automatic, unconscious) → acute stress response (~coping)
→ chronic stress response (secondary appraisal) → exhaustion
evolution - functional response to physical or psychol. thereat; psychological factors influence
via same biological route! (quantitatively ≠, but qualitatively =)
basal psychol. stress factors - dimensions: *adversity (threat), *uncontrollability & unpredictability (the core), *duration
- response patterns: defence (flight-or-flight, regain decreased control) & defeat
(conserve energy, withdraw, loss of control)
- stress response = exercise response + associated negative <3 (a quantitative ≠), only
qualitatively different when it persists → chronic peripheral cardiovascular resistance
- chronic stress is recent invention of mankind; (brief is functional, good)
- in humans: preparation (≠ exercise response) but no action! (outdated response)
stress vs. other risks factors - biological vulnerabilities: heritable, acquired phys. conditions, disease agents
- physical vulnerabilities: physical stressors (exposures, violence,
undernourishment..)
- psychol. vulnerabilities: psy. stressors (SES..), health cognitions, health behaviors
types of stressors - 10% of health problems can be explained by psychol. factors
- psychol. traumas (rape, death, humiliation); life events (+ or -); daily hassles (build up,
no control); chronic stressors, rumination (social, cogn. representations cause response)
modulators of response - mediator (part of the causal chain, B) vs modulator (affect by affecting mediator B)
- A (stressor) → B (psychophysiological response) → C (disease)
- social support: loneliness is stressor itself; <3 support, helping, health behaviors…
- outlet of frustration: in theory: 1- doesn't end threat; empirically: only if against the
source, retaliate (otherwise rehearses, increases anger)
- personality (hostility): threat biased, see threat everywhere, distrust, + CVD

13. Why is psychological - hormonal secretion is linear, proportionate to stress intensity; input-output model,
stress stressful? but not so simple: the physiological stress-response can be modulated and triggered
by psychological factors (eg. appraisal)
- outlets for frustration: distracts from stressor, psychologically positive
- social support: protective
- predictability: rat getting electric shocks hears warning bell → fewer ulcers; rat
getting the same amount of food in random times → up cortisol; predictive info lets
us choose the best coping strategy; → only in a midrange of frequencies and
intensities of stressors, and w/ certain lag times and levels of accurate info
- control: belief of having control rather than exercising it; low demand and low
control are worse than high demand and high control; except: inappropriately high
sense of control in awful events (could have avoided it?)
- perception of things worsening: perception of improving helps tremendously
- the optimal amount of loss of control and predictability is stimulation (happy)

15. Personality, - tells the difference between being threatened or not, taking initiative if threatened,
Temperament, & their telling the difference between winning or losing, outlets frustration → lower resting
stress-related glucocorticoids levels
consequences - lower cortisol for the ones more capable of forming friendships, social affiliation
psychiatric disorders - abnormal stress response. depressed: don't even attempt to mount a coping
response (hopelessness), overabundance of glucocorticoids (giving up)
- anxiety disorders: overestimate risks (cognitive distortions); constant mobilization
of stress-response for coping, overactivation of sympathetic NS, overabundance of
catecholamines; exaggerated startle response
- mild to severe stress enhances implicit, unconscious autonomic learning
- internal sensory input to amygdala biases it to decide for anxiety; uses CRH as
neurotransmitter to activate hypothalamus
- major traumatic stressor → disrupts hippocampus and enhances amygdala
Type A - competitive, overachieving, time-pressured (rampant insecurity), impatient, hostile

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