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Pitt to Peel History Notes - Pressure Groups

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  • OCR A Level History

A Level Pitt to Peel History Notes - Pressure Groups Topic. 12 pages of full in-depth notes and analysis. Everything you need to prepare for the exam including facts, figures and analysis (plus exam questions). I did very well in the exam using these notes, notes made from multiple textbooks so ext...

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  • August 20, 2020
  • 12
  • 2019/2020
  • Study guide

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  • history

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Peel and Pressure Groups:
 Trade Unions
 Chartists
 ACLL

Trade Unions:
What were trade unions?
 Characteristics
o Niche unions representing specific trades
 Importance
 Challenges
 National associations
o NAPL
o GNCTU
 Combinations often resorted to secrecy and held meetings at night with passwords,
symbols and oaths of loyalty
 The laws of 1799 against illegal oaths and against combinations in general were not
introducing anything new but were a ‘belt and braces’ provision against any possible
disorder
 The trade organisations became skilful in concealing their meetings, helping their
members by raising funds to support them and intimidating employers and blacklegs
who continued to work during trade disputes
 Even as late as 1850, there were 250,000 union members but the earlier unions were
more widespread and active

Challenges to unions:
 Fear of losing job if they take action and be discriminated against if they are known to be
in a union
 Fear of what it brings upon their wives and families
 Striking workers insufficiently funded – therefore accept lower wages
 Blacklegs – those that were brought in from other districts that worked during strikes
 Knobsticks – people who weren’t unionised workers that worked during strikes
 Unlawful acts from union members bring them into persecution from authorities

 New machinery, especially in textiles, which reduced the competitiveness of many
traditional trades
 A new unskilled workforce of women, children and unskilled workers who could be
trained to use new machinery quickly and were not protected by any organisation
 The ending of apprenticeship rules which had insisted on long periods of work before
boys could work as tradesmen
 The repression of protests generally and new laws like the Combination Acts
 The determination of employers to oppose unions
 Striking met limited success – employers determined to resist
 Repression of protest supported by employers and government
o Some employers made workers sign ‘the Document’ banning union membership
o Employers made threats against workers joining unions – 7 years transportation

, How did Trade Unions develop after the repeal of the Combination acts?
 1824 – Repeal of Combination Acts of 1799
o It was hoped that making unions legal would stop strikes and unrest
o Considerable growth of union activity after repeal
 1825 – Amendment of Combinations Acts
o Act modified to exclude picketing as a tactic to intimidate those who wanted to
work
o Unions remained free to negotiate over wages, conditions and hours worked but
all other activities were liable to be considered as criminal conspiracies operating
in restraint of trade
 1829 – NAPL (National Association for the Protection of Labour)
o Formed by John Doherty from twenty different skilled trades, mostly in
Lancashire and Cheshire with 70,000 members
o Attracted diverse membership including miners, pottery, weaves and textile
workers
o Had a weekly publication called the ‘Voice of the People’
o Didn’t include all unions and couldn’t sustain an effective organisation beyond
1833
o A strong element was protest about the threats to handloom weaving and
domestic work
o Different trades had different issues – builders objected to architects using
general contractors who employed unskilled workers rather than the relevant
master craftsmen
o Union activity was still associated with violence, the Merthyr Rising was an
example of this
 1831 – Merthyr Rising
o In May 1831, coal and steel workers employed by the Crawshay family took to
the streets of Merthyr Tydfil in south Wales calling for reform
o They protested against the lowering of their wages and levels of general
unemployment
o Gradually the protest spread to nearby industrial towns and villages
o By the end of May, the whole area was in rebellion and armed forces had to be
used
o Twenty people were shot by troops and the ringleaders were tried and hanged
 1834 – GNCTU
o Originated among the trades of London and was mainly an association of tailors,
silk weaves and shoemakers
o Was supported by a successful cotton manufacturer, Robert Owen, who had a
strong belief in socialist ideas and in organising workers for reform
o Had some innovative features:
 Mutual support during strikes as workers from different trades and
industry supported each other
 A fund to provide sickness benefits
 Some inclusion of women workers
 Inclusion of some agricultural workers

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