Class notes

Class notes Canadian history

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Canadian history

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2

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Uploaded on January 2, 2021
Number of pages 10
Written in 2020/2021
Type Class notes
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Contains History

Institution Secondary school
Education 2
Course Canadian history
School year 4

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called Province of Canada. However,

History- Chapter responsible government was still rejected. There
was also an assimilation policy with four factors:

1 exam review 1. Equal representation(42/42, 84 elected
in total- this was “assimilation”
considering lower Canada’s population
was larger and out of the 42 French
1837-1838 rebellions erupted members 10 were English.)

The governor had power to veto (deny) laws and 2. Debts of both Canada’s emerged ( once
appoint the Executive and Legislative councils again upper Canada’s debt was much
(this meant no responsible government since the larger so this was an act of assimilation)
Assembly had to refer to the governor and its
councils). 3. English official language in government

In 1836 London published Lord Russel’s 10 4. And have in total one assembly -
resolutions rejecting all demands made by the 2 meaning the French would no longer
Canadas. Rebellions erupted between have their own.
1837-1838.
Assembly: the assembly was based on the
There were two leaders: Papineau leader of principle of equal representation to determine
lower Canada and Mackenzie leader of Upper each region's membership. 84 elected members,
Canada. This rebellion was not successful.
42 from Upper Canada and 42 from Lower
February 5th, 1839 5 patriotes were executed,
Canada (10 English) this was unfair to LC
but Papineau and Mackenzie were actually able
to flee to the USA. because they had a larger population, this was
to limit French power in the Assembly.

- Rebellion UC- Reformers (Mackenzie) 1842-Alliance of Reformers
- Rebellions LC – Parti Patriotes
In 1842 Alliance of Reformers was formed by
(Papineau)
Baldwin and Lafontaine. This alliance was based
on shared political views that a responsible
1839- Lord Durham Report: government was needed.

In 1839 Lord Durham was sent to these Baldwin + Lafontaine} Created an alliance of
colonies to see why these rebellions were reformers in the assembly
occurring. He concluded it was due to lack of ↓ ↓
diplomatic government and ethnicity clash. He Upper Lower
then wrote a report with 3 main
recommendations. This meant:

1. Unite both Canada’s as a way to 1. The French promised to support English
assimilate the French Canadians' economic development.
2. Legislative union (1 assembly) (canal and railway construction)
3. Grant responsible government 2. The English would support the French
by protecting the language & cultural
1840-The Act of Union identity of the French.

In 1840 the Act of Union was created, it Under this alliance they agreed upon double
established a single Legislative Assembly with majority rule making it more fair for lower
representatives from both Canadas (1 Canada's section since out of the 42 members
assembly) , with the intention of placing French only 10 were English and ten is not majority of
Canadians in a minority. There was a unification 42 meaning English wouldn't dominate.
of both Canadas and this province would now be
1848-Responsible Government

, Protectionism
London appointed a new governor, Lord Elgin,
to establish a responsible government in the Established the Supreme court of Canada the
colony. In March 1848, Elgin granted La colonies and Britain formed a “family” to trade
Fontaine and Baldwin, the two Reform leaders’ amongst each other. Taxes were only placed on
responsible government. products that came from non-Britain areas (
foreign products). This made products more
This meant the governor was no longer attached expensive to buy compared to local products
to a political party and no longer intervened in allowing business to be “safe” in the sense that
the Executive Council; his powers were people would normally buy the cheaper products
restricted to defence and external relations. and if it had a tax it was not cheap. Natural
Members of the Executive Council had to resources and manufactured products would
introduce bills that were supported by the circulate mostly among the mother country and
majority of Legislative Assembly members. its colonies.
The Executive Council was elected by members 1846(end of protectionism policy) Free trade
of the Legislative Assembly.
In 1846 the colonies were no longer under the
Members of the Legislative Council were economic policy of protectionism they had now
appointed by the governor on the been introduced to a new policy called free trade
recommendation of the Executive Council. meaning taxes were not going to be placed on
Canada became a true parliamentary foreign products- this allowed companies to
democracy. Members of the Executive Council innovate.
would be elected by the legislative council.
Economic Context: 1850’s - 1860’s

Reciprocity Treaty 1854-1866

The reciprocity treaty was a 10-year agreement
between Canada and the USA, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, PEI, Newfoundland & Labrador.
This treaty meant they were trading without
tariffs. This treaty was successful since
businesses expanded their production and
1849- Rebellion Losses bill railways provided links.

In 1849 Baldwin Lafontaine created this bill in After the United Kingdom eliminated preferential
order to compensate($) for those Canadians tariffs, the province of Canada had to find a new
whose homes were destroyed during the domestic market. So, Canada said hello to their
rebellions. They also agreed to pardon the neighbors -The United States, since they were
patriotes. experiencing an economic boom that could fuel
a demand for timber and agricultural products.
Governor Elgin signed this new law without a This would eliminate customs duties on raw
doubt to show they were under responsible materials, encouraging trade between the two
government and since it had to do with internal countries.
affairs.
The agreement would allow Americans to fish in
Many Tories got mad since they thought it had British territorial waters and the British were
to do with external affairs as they were allowed to fish in American waters.
pardoning back the patriotes. So, they rebelled
by burning down the parliament. Development of Domestic Market

A railway network (Grand Trunk Railway) was
developed throughout the province of Canada
with links to the USA. This would increase trade

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