Class notes
Midterm Material
- Course
- Neur 1203 (NEUR1203)
- Institution
- Carleton University (CU )
All midterm material class notes (covers both midterms)
[Show more]
Content preview
Midterm 1-2 materialLectures 1-10
1: Organization and function of the nervous system
The nervous system: in animals, it coordinates actions by transmitting signals to and from
different parts of its body
● It detects environmental changes
● Responds to such events
● Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Cranial nerves
● 12 pairs of nerves that control: afferent functions (sensation to eyes, ears,
mouth and nose) as well as efferent functions (motor control over facial
muscles, tongue and eyes) or both
● Connects the brain and the internal organs, thereby influencing several
autonomic responses
2. Spinal nerves
● Functionally equivalent to the cranial nerves of the head; control and carry
information about the body, trunk and limbs
Somatic nervous system
● Spinal-nerve connection
○ Dorsal fibers: afferent
○ Ventral fibers: efferent
○ Collection of fibers entering/exiting spinal cord segment is called a root
(dorsal root, ventral root)
● Law of Bell and Magendie
○ Dorsal spinal cord is sensory and ventral side is motor
○ Allows inferences about location of spinal cord damage on the basis of
changes in sensation of movement that a patient experiences
Autonomic nervous system
1. Sympathetic division
● Fight or flight
, ● Connected to thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions
● Spinal cord connects to autonomic control center, made up of glia
2. Parasympathetic division
● Rest and digest
● Connects through cranial nerves: 3 7 10
● Also connected to sacral region of spinal cord
CNS
● Brain
● Spinal cord
○ Vertebrae
■ Segments of the spinal cord
■ Divided into 5 anatomical regions (from top to bottom: cranial, cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacral)
○ Dermatomes
■ Segments of the body
■ Each dermatome contains sensory nerve and motor nerves (spinal
nerves)
The spinal cord
● Controls most body movements
● Series of vertebrae, divided into sections
-Cervical (C1 à C8)
-Thoracic (T1 à T12)
-Lumbar (L1 à L5)
-Sacral (S1 à S5)
Can act independently of the brain
● Spinal reflex
● Autonomic movements, hard for the bran to inhibit
Cerebral security: the meninges
● Dura mater (hard mother)
○ Tough, double layered fibrous tissue
○ Encloses brain and spinal cord
● Arachnoid layer (spider layer)
○ Thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
○ Follows the brains contour
● Pia mater (soft mother)
○ Moderately tough membrane of connective tissue
○ Clings to brain surface
Meningitis
● Inflammation of the meninges
● Bacterial infection of the meninges
○ Particularly the pia mater and arachnoid space: csf implicated as well
● Intracranial pressure (ICP)
, ○ Inflammation puts pressure on the brain
○ Leads to drowsiness, delirium, coma
Case:
-23-year-old Ottawa women presented to Queensway Carleton with symptoms of headache,
stiff neck, 105o temperature;
-Returned home 2 hours later with Penicillin;
-Returned back to the hospital few hours later;
-Condition worsened: vomiting, whitening of skin, blue lips, etc.
-Died 2 hours later in hospital with her family.
Lecture 2: Microanatomy
, Cortical lobes
● Frontal: executive function, decision making, planning, impulse control, etc
● Occipital: vision, 1 degree- 2 degree visual cortices
● Parietal: tactile function, sensory and motor information processing
● Temporal: auditory, visual, gustatory, emotion, memory
Dorsal and ventral views
● Cerebrum
○ Forbrain structure
○ Two identical hemispheres
○ Responsible for most conscious behaviour
● Cerebellum
○ Control and coordination of fine motor skills
○ Does not initiate movements, but coordinates the timing, precision and
accuracy of movements
Lateral and medial views
● Brainstem: unconscious behaviours, structurally continuous with the spinal cords
The convoluted brain
Gyri: bumps and ridges of the cerebral cortex
Sulci: cracks and valleys of the cerebral cortex
Together, gyri and sulci create a larger surface area for the human brain
Larger cortical surface area = greater cognitive function
Coronal section (L. crown)
● Gray matter: largely composed of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels; Process
info and supports behaviour
● White matter: nerve fibers with fatty coverings, form connections between cells
● Ventricles (L. small cavity): 4 cavities filled w CSF, derives from blood plasma, NaCl
and other salts, serves as cushion and immunological support for the brain
● Cells that line the walls of the ventricles called ependymal cells produce CSF
Sagittal (L. Sagittarius) section
● Corpus callosum (L. corpus = body, callosum = hard, tough)
○ Over 200 million nerve fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres; divides brain
into cortical and subcortical regions
○ Split brain personality
The brainstem: receives afferent nerves from all body’s senses, sends efferent nerves to the
spinal cord
Divided into districts regions
1. Hindbrain
● Cerebellum (L. little brain): size of cerebellum
increases with physical speed and dexterity,
control fine motor movements
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller JamieMongeon. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$50.33. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73314 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now