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Anatomy Summary of Digestive and Nervous systems

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Course
Anatomy And Physiology (ANAT1080)

Institution
Lakehead University (LakeheadU )

Anatomy Review: Digestive and Nervous Systems. Goes into depth with diagrams, covers everything from basic digestive functions to the histology of the stomach, all the organs, as well as nutrient digestion and absorption. As well as it covers the Central Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Pe...

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Uploaded on February 9, 2021
Number of pages 59
Written in 2020/2021
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Anatomy Review: DIgestive and Nervous Systems

The Digestive System

Module 22.1: Overview of the Digestive system

Alimentary Canal Accessory Organs

• Food passes directly through (tube) • Food does not usually come into direct
contact (*except teeth and tongue)
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
small intestine, large intestine gallbladder, pancreas

Basic Digestive Functions
- Fundamental function is to take food in the body and break it down into its
component nutrients to allow use by cells
- Critical role in fluid, electrolyte, and acid base homeostasis (intake and delivery
to blood)
- Ingesting vitamins and minerals, producing hormones, and excreting metabolic
wastes

Basic Digestive Processes
- Ingestion
- Secretion
- Propulsion
- Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
- Absorption
- Defecation

Organization of the abdominopelvic cavity
- Peritoneal membranes
- Peritoneal cavity
- Intra vs retroperitoneal
- Mesenteries
- Greater and lesser omentum

,Histology of the Alimentary Canal

Regulation of Motility
- Motility (movement) of alimentary canal is the key process
- Oral cavity, pharynx, superior portion of esophagus, and last portion of
large intestine -> skeletal muscle
- Rest of alimentary canal -> smooth muscle
- Motility takes several forms, such as swallowing, churning, peristalsis, and
defecation
- Neurological control -> autonomic nervous system (ANS) and enteric nervous
system (ENS)
- Endocrine system -> paracrine and hormones

Module 22.2 The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus

,Primary and Secondary Dentition

Oral Cavity
- Part of alimentary canal and holds teeth and tongue
- Salivary glands (some within and some nearby)
- Ingestion occurs
- Mechanical digestion -> mastication occurs with teeth, tongue, masseter and
temporalis muscles
- Assists chemical digestions by increasing surface area of food
- Chemical digestions begins

Tongue
- Lingual frenulum
- Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate & foliate papillae
- Sensory receptors = taste buds
- Extrinsic muscles control position of tongue

, - Intrinsic muscles control shape and size of tongue

Salivary Glands

- Acinar cell is basic secretory cell of salivary glands
- Serous cells - secrete water based fluid with enzymes and other solutes;
secretions are involved in digestive processes generally released just
before or during eating
- Mucous cells - secrete mucus; primarily involved in keeping the oral
mucosa moist; released continually
- Parotid glands have only serous cells
- Submandibular glands have mostly serous cells and small number of mucous
cells
- Sublingual glands contain mostly mucous cells
- Functions of saliva
- Moistening, lubricating, and cleansing oral mucosa
- Lysozyme and IgA deter growth of pathogenic bacteria in oral cavity
- Mechanical digestion, achieved by moistening and helping to mix ingested
food into bolus so it can be swallowed
- Chemical digestion, achieved by actions of salivary amylase
- Many food molecules dissolve in water of saliva and stimulate taste
receptors on tongue

Pharynx
- Oropharynx and laryngopharynx (nasopharynx isnt part of alimentary canal)
- Oropharynx houses 2 sets of tonsils
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
- Protect alimentary canal from pathogens that enter body via oral
and nasal cavities

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