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Class notes Biology Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Biology Course Companion
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IBDP HL Biology - 2.2 Water Notes
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Summary of the entire Biology book from the IB diploma
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GENETICSmutation
It is random changes in DNA: Gene mutation: nasal sequence of a gene is changed.
Chromosome mutation: change in the structure of a chromosome.
Genome mutation: When the number of chromosome sets is changed.
Gene mutation is a change in the sequence of the nucleotides of a gene, which results in
the production of another protein and thereby a change in the phenotype.
What is a triplet?
• Information is stored in DNA.
• They are present on the genes in the form of a triplet code (three bases stand / code for
an amino acid).
• Each gene encodes a protein via this triplet, which develops the characteristics.
A TRIPLE GROUP OF DNA BASES A, T, G, C ENCRYPTES AN AMINO ACID
• The coding of the amino acid sequence takes place via RNA triplets. that is, three bases
each encode one or 20 amino acids.
• Such a triplet is called a codon.
• There is a start codon and three stop codons.
PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS
• From the genetic code to the finished protein is called “protein biosynthesis” ...
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. Transcription 1. Transcription
2. Translation 2. m-Rna - maturation
3. Translation
WHAT DO YOU NEED FOR TRANSCRIPTION?
• During transcription (lat. Transcribere - “overwrite”) the code of the relevant gene is
overwritten on an RNA molecule, the so-called messenger RNA (mRNA).
• This mRNA is used as a guide for building a protein.
• In order for an mRNA to be generated, you need the following:
1. The 3 '-> 5' strand of DNA (codogenic strand) whose information is read.
2. RNA nucleotide
3. The enzyme RNA polymerase, which reads the codogenic strand and produces the
mRNA.
1st phase (initiation): RNA polymerases bind to the areas of the comrade to be copied.
The double helix is unscrewed.
-> Dissolution of the hydrogen bond between the base pairs.
2nd phase (elongation): DNA is transcribed to mRNA.
RNA polymerase migrates from 3 ’to 5’ and forms complementary mRNA sub-strand.
, • Result: during the transcription only a single-stranded mRNA strand is produced, which
only affects a part of a gene.
• RNA polymerase links the 5'-end of the free nucleotide to the 3'-end of the last
nucleotide.
• 3rd phase (termination): During the course of transcription, the RNA polymerase
encounters a terminator sequence when reading the DNA. Terminators stop the RNA
polymerase and the mRNA partial strand becomes detached from the DNA.
• The binding of the DNA to the histones can influence transcription positively or
negatively.
• The N-terminal end of a histone can be modified by enzymes.
• Application Analysis of the addition of methyl groups to histones.
• The chemical change of the N-term.
• Histone modifications: methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation
1. the exchange of one hydrogen atom
2. Appending its phosphoric group
EPIGENETICS
• Influence of the environment on gene expression.
• DNA methylation is an example.
• Methyl groups are bound to DNA bases.
Protein biosynthesis
Overview of protein synthesis
- DNA replication: nucleus
- Transcription: nucleus
* mRNA maturation (intros away) cytoplasm
* tRNA (activation = loading with AS) cytoplasm
cytoplasm
translation of ribosome
production of polypeptide chains
Proteins bind to base sequences in DNA and regulate gene expression
An enhancer increases the effectiveness of the promoter.
The gene is activated.
protein biosynthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.
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