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summary of metabolism unit in ib biology
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MetabolismThe energy that is retained in the sugars is used by cell respiration in mitochondria in eukaryotes
for energy production by sugars.
What does cellular respiration mean?
- Cellular respiration is used to convert glucose into carbon dioxide. This requires oxygen.
- In the process, so much energy is released that the living being breathing can live from it.
- Cell respiration is the formation of ATP energy from organic compounds such as glucose.
energy-consuming processes
transport processes
replication of DNA
synthesis of proteins
movements
mitosis and meiosis
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF METABOLISM
- One way of transferring chemical energy is by transferring electrons.
- An electron transfer from one substance to another is always a redox reaction.
* Release of electrons: oxidation
* Absorption of electrons: reduction
The Coenzyme NAD plays a role in energy and hydrogen transfer in the redox reaction.
CELL RESPIRATION
Consists of three metabolic pathways Glycolysis (cell plasma)
- Citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
- End oxidation (mitochondrial membrane)
, Steps of cellular respiration:
1. The glycose
- runs in the cytoplasm
- gradual breakdown of carbohydrates in the cell (splitting of glucose)
- This process produces two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
Cell respiration:
Phosphorization
Glucose = hexose -> 6C atoms
Bonding a phosphate group
Molecule becomes less stable -> increased reactivity
endothermic -> exothermic reaction
Example: Glucose + ATP -> GLUCOSE-6Phosphate + ADP
Glucose
Location: Cytosol
1. Phospholation of glucose
2. Cleavage (lysis)
3. oxidation
Glucose in the cytoplasm:
Result: pyruvate ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
(in eukaryotes)
oxidative decarboxylation
(2nd step of cell respiration)
Pryvat (C3 molecule) releases a carboxyl group
-> carbon dioxide is split off
-> C2 molecule oxidises (releases electrons)
binds to a coenzyme A
The Mitchell hypothesis of chemical osmosis
- Proton concentration gradient between the mitochondrial matrix and the inter-membrane space
could generate the ATP synthesis. Energy glitz in a food chain: - Sun-energy-photosynthesis
- Organic matter - food
- Primary, secondary, tertiary ... consumers.
- Destructors
- Only% 10 energy loss due to:
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