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Eukaryotic cells
Organelles
The cytoskeleton
and protein
production
Prokaryotes
, Task Notes Revision Flashcards
eukaryotic cells and organelles
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
"
microscopy
water
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
Inorganic 10ns
Biochemical tests
-
separating molecules
nucleotides
DNA
protiensyntnesls
enzymes
factors affecting enzymes
enzyme Inhibition
Cell membranes
DIFFUSION
Active transport
endolexocytosls
OSMOSIS
.
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Stem cells and differentiation
.
tissues organs and systems
,Organisms
eukaryotic cells
are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic Single .
celled organisms are made of prokaryotic cells ,
multicellular
organisms are made from eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
.
are complex and Include all animal and plant cells .
Whereas , prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller e. g. bacteria .
When asked to identify
ANIMAL CELL RER Structures ,
.
Its very important
to be extremely specific e.g .
.
' '
plasma membrane not
plasma membrane just membrane .
golgi
nucleolus
nuclear
f -
g apparatus
envelope plant cells have the same
Organelles but with a few
mitochondrion
extras :
SER °
a cell wall with Plas modesMata
'
which are used as
'
channels
vesicle
for exchanging substances
with adjacent cells .
Cytoplasm
large permanent
°
a ,
vacuole
which is a compartment that
PLANT CELL
contains cell sap
°
Chloroplasts .
A
envelope
.
nuclear
Chloroplast nucleolus
-
RER
mitochondria
ribosome
large permanent vacuole
I
\ cellulose cell wall
, plasma membrane
found the surface of animal cells and just inside
'
The membrane on
the cell wall in plant cells and prokaryotic cells .
It is made of mainly
lipids ( phospholipid bilayer ) and protein It regulates
.
the movement of
substances into and out of a cell .
It also has receptor molecules on it ,
which allow it to respond to chemical changes like hormones .
Cellwall
#
cytoplasm
A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells Its made
.
mainly of
the carbohydrate cellulose to support and provide strength to plant
cells . / More specifically prevents cells
bursting when they become turgid !
nvcbeog
A large organelle surrounded by a double membrane ( nuclear envelope )
which has It contains chromatin which Is made from
many pores .
DNA and proteins .
It controls the cells activity by controlling the transcription of DNA
The nuclear envelope allows substances to leave and enter .
The nucleus also has a structure called the nucleolus .
It has no membrane ,
contains RNA and makes ribosomes
o -
o
o
.
.
.
.
. "
O
EXAMPLE OF A SUBSTANCE THAT LEAVES → ribosomes or MRNA
EXAMPLE OF A SUBSTANCE THAT ENTERS → steroid hormones
- '
nuclear
.
.
-
.
. .
i :
.
°
envelope
.
.
-
o o:
.
-
" -
.
.
' O
nucleolus
,
.
-
- o .
receptors
pores
..
nuclear
envelope
,lysosome
A round organelle surrounded by a membrane , with no clear internal
structure .
Contains digestive enzymes which are kept separate from the
cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane
,
and can be used to digest invading
cells or to break down worn out components of the cells or to break
down worn out comp on merits of the cell .
They are involved in cellular
apoptosis Phagocytic .
cells would contain many of these to digest invading
cells .
They a 're made by the Golgi as they are a type of vesicle .
ribosomes
A very small organelle which either floats free in the cytoplasm or
IS attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum . Its made up of proteins
and RNA .
Not surrounded by a membrane and is 20hm diameter .
>
two subunits combine in the cytoplasm
The site of protein synthesis -
ribosomes attached to the RER make
proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell membrane , ribosomes
that float free in the cytoplasm make proteins that stay in the
cytoplasm .
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space The .
surface is
'
covered with ribosomes .
Its continuous with the nuclear membrane .
i
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes .
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Similar to
rough but
,
contains no ribosomes .
It synthesise and processes
lipids .
, vesicle
A small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm ,
surrounded by a membrane .
Transports substances in and out of the cell , via the plasma membrane
and between organelles Some are .
formed by the golgi or ER
,
while others
,
are formed at the cell surface .
GolgiApparatus
A group of fluid filled -
,
membrane bound , flattened sacs Vesicles are often .
seen at the edges of the sacs : as secretory vesicles bring materials to and from it
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins . It also makes lysosomes .
'
MODIFICATION MAY INCLUDE >
adding Sugar >
glycoproteins found in MUCUS .
adding lipids Il pop rotten
> >
>
folding into 3D shape .
Mitochondrion
THE SITE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION WHERE ,
ATP IS PRODUCED .
They are
usually oval shaped .
They have a double membrane -
the
inner one folded into structures called Cristal Inside
.
is the matrix , which
contains enzymes involved in respiration . ( The site of ATP production )
They can be spherical ,
dependant on the angle / plane they are viewed
at .
A proximately 2- 5pm long .
They are self replicating so more can be made it cells energy requires an
increase .
This means that they are abundant in cells with high metabolic
activity such as hier cells .
( many mitochondria is often an adaptation
of cells in mark schemes )
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