Here i have some super detailed flashcards on the module 'Sexual Reproduction in Plants' which i used to achieve an A* in A-Level Biology.
The exam board i used was Eduqas/WJEC, however OCR and Eduqas are very similar boards and the flashcards will still be applicable.
Module: Applications of reproduction and genetics Flashcards:
Q: What were the main aims of the human genome project:
Identify all the genes in the human genome and identify which chromosome it is on.
Determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in human DNA and store this
information in databases.
Improve tools for data analysis.
Address the ethical, legal and social issues that may arise from the project.
Q: What was the method used in Human genome project to sequence DNA?
‘Sanger sequencing’ or the ‘chain termination’.
Q: Describe the process of Sanger sequencing:
DNA was broken into single-stranded fragments of different lengths.
Complementary strands were synthesised, but these were incomplete because the
four nucleotide triphosphates (NTP) were altered. For each NTP, the 3’OH of the
deoxyribose was removed, to make a dideoxynucleoside, so when it is incorporated
into the newly synthesised strand, DNA polymerase would not be able to bind to the
next nucleotide and the chain could not lengthen. This last nucleotide was marked
with a radioactive isotope, an antigen or fluorescent marker.
From each original DNA fragment, a large number of complimentary DNA strands of
increasing length were produced. They were separated by gel electrophoresis,
according to their size, and the terminal, marked nucleotide was identified.
Q: What is electrophoresis?
A lab technique that separates molecules on the basis of size, by their rate of
migration under an applied voltage.
Q: What is the 100k genome project?
Following the success of the human genome project, the 100k genome project was
launched in 2012, to use NSG to sequence 100,00 genomes from NHS patients with
cancer or rare diseases.
What are the main aims of the 100k genome project?
Create an ethical, transparent programme based on consent.
Set up a genomic service for the NHS to benefit patients.
Enable medical and scientific discovery.
Develop a UK genomics industry.
Q: Describe the challenges of malaria:
Malaria is transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and caused by the
parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in the
, species is hampering attempts to eradicate the disease which is responsible for over
a million deaths per year.
The malarial parasite has also developed multi-drug resistance.
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