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Paper 1: Education Sociology AQA Notes
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, Class differences- External factors
• External means factors outside of school, looks at family life and home
background and wider society
3 external factors are:
1. Cultural deprivation
2. Material deprivation
3. Cultural capital
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,1. Cultural deprivation:
Language (Bernstein- speech codes) – argues that W/c aren’t culturally deprived schools
to teach them elaborated code
Parents education- Douglas- W/c parents place less value on education, can’t help with h
lack of financial support- leads to less motivation.
M/c parents= more educated and have high expectations- an A is only acceptable, they ca
read to children, buy educational toys (Bernstein & Young)
W/c subcultures- W/c N&V differ from mainstream culture (normally M/c) and that lea
failure
Sugarman- 4 values of W/c subculture that stops educational achievement:
Fatalism- ‘it is what it is’- can’t change your status, Collectivism- group goals more
important than individual goals, Immediate gratification- seek pleasure now, Present-t
orientation- Present is more important than future
Compensatory education- Surestart programme- work with parents to increase
development of disadvantaged children.
Myth of cultural deprivation- Keddie: CD is victim blaming, ‘culturally different’, blam
schools not home as they fail to teach the elaborated code
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, 2. Material deprivation
Flaherty: money problems- leads to lack of attendance. 90% of ‘failing schools’ in deprived area
Housing: overcrowding makes it harder to study- lack of space, no quiet area.
Council housing- frequently moves and disrupts education, damp houses causes bad health- lea
to more absences
Diet and health: Howard- young ppl have lower intakes of vitamins which creates a weakened
immune system= absences and difficulties in concentrating
Finance: lack equipment and miss out on other opportunities that would enhance achievement
Bull- ‘cost of free schooling’
Tanner et al- items like transport, uniforms, books etc- places heavy burden on poor families. So
they get hand-me-downs, cheap equipment, and may be bullied as a result.
Suitable clothes are essential for self esteem and ‘fitting in’
Fear of stigmatization meant that 20% of FSM students don’t claim their lunch as they feel
embarrassed (Flaherty)
Fear of debt- W/c less likely to go uni and can’t gain a higher education as they work part-time
which is a distraction. Increase in uni fees has put them off more
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