Lecture notes

The All-In-One Notes Bacteria

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Module
Infection and Defence (CHMD1301)

Institution
University College London (UCL)

Having a hard time remembering bacteria? This All-In-One Bacteria Summary from a 4.00 GPA medical student includes everything you need to know about bacteria! It divides bacteria into species, color-coded, and gives detailed about the bacteria and its key in a table format making it easy to read an...

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Uploaded on June 12, 2021
Number of pages 10
Written in 2020/2021
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Ms. woranich
Contains All classes

bacteria
important bacteria
gram positive
gram negative
staphylococcus
streptococcus
enterococcus
clostridium
bacteria species
infection
infectious agents
atypical bacteria
colorful
table
bact
summary

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Bacteria
Gram-Positive Bacteria

Staphylococcus spp. Cocci (grapes) / Catalase + / Facultative anaerobe / Pyogenic & Toxin-related diseases / Biofilm

Staphylococcus aureus* ● Coagulase + ● Nasal & skin
● Beta-hemolysis ● Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections; MRSA
● Protein A (prevents phagocytosis) ● Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS): exfoliative toxin A & B → stratum granulosum → skin peeling
(desmoglein); generalized form of bullous impetigo
● Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS): superantigen TSST-1 (menstrual TSS) & enterotoxin B/C
(non-menstrual TSS) → fever, shock, multisystem involvement cuz too many T cell produced
● Staphylococcal food poisoning: enterotoxin A
● Infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis

Staphylococcus lugdunensis ● Coagulase - ● Skin
● Infective endocarditis, bone & prosthetic joint infections, peritonitis
● Skin & soft tissue infection: abscess, cellulitis, pustules

Staphylococcus epidermidis ● Coagulase - ● Skin; accidental pathogen → enter thru wound
● Urease + ● Biofilm formation (on devices); endocarditis

Staphylococcus saprophyticus ● Coagulase - ● Perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, GI; young female
● Urease + ● Lower UTI: dysuria, urinary freq., cystitis
● Pyelonephritis, ureteritis, prostatitis

Streptococcus spp. Cocci (chains) / Catalase - / Facultative anaerobe

Streptococcus pneumoniae* ● Alpha-hemolysis ● Nasopharyngeal colonization
● Optochin sensitivity ● Pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media
● Diplococci (lancet-shaped) ● Pneumococcal pneumonia: enter alveolar & kill macrophages → purulent sputum, chestpain
● Polysaccharide capsule (prevent
phagocytosis)

Viridans Streptococcus ● Alpha-hemolysis ● Oropharynx, skin, GI tract → opportunistic
● Optochin resistant ● Abscess, meningitis, endocarditis (5 grps)
● Cocci chain ● S. mutans: dental caries; endocarditis
● S. sanguis: endocarditis
● S. anginosus: dental caries; abscess
● S. mitis: endocarditis
● S. salivarius (similar to S. bovis): endocarditis

Streptococcus pyogenes ● Beta-hemolysis ● Exotoxin-mediated
(Group A Streptococcus) ● M protein (prevent phagocytosis) 1) Scarlet fever: rash (neck → trunk → extremities) spares face, strawberry tongue
● Hyaluronic capsule 2) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
● Streptolysin O ● Direct invasion
1) Pharyngitis: tonsillar white exudates, enlarged lymph nodes, redness of pharynx

, 2) Skin infection: folliculitis/cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis
● Antibody-mediated
1) Rheumatic fever (can follow pharyngitis): inflam of heart, joints, subcutaneous tissues & CNS; valvular
damage & cardiac failure
2) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (can follow pharyngitis/skin infection): immune complex deposit

Streptococcus agalactiae ● Beta-hemolysis ● Genital area & lower GI
(Group B Streptococcus) ● Severe infection in newborn, elderly, immunocompromised
● Infection of female genital tract, infants pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, skin & soft tissue infections,
arthritis, meningitis, UTI
● Vertical transmission

Streptococcus bovis ● Gamma hemolysis ● Formerly known as S. gallolyticus
(Group D Streptococcus) ● GI tract of humans & cows
● Bacteremia endocarditis

Streptococcus suis* ● Polysaccharide capsule ● Pigs; zoonotic disease thru close contact, eating of contaminated pork
● Acute bacterial meningitis

Enterococci spp. (Group D) Cocci (oval-shaped) / Facultative anaerobe

Enterococcus faecalis ● Gamma hemolysis ● GI tract, oval cavity, vagina
● Lower UTI in older man
Enterococcus faecium ● Uncomplicated cystitis in young women
● Bacteremia & endocarditis
● Healthcare-associated; biofilm

Clostridium spp. Bacilli / Anaerobic / Soil & marine sediments, intestinal tract of animals / Decompose protein or form toxins

Clostridium perfringens* ● Beta hemolysis ● Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene): crepitation in subcutaneous tissue & muscles, foul-smelling
● Alpha toxin discharge, rapidly progressing necrosis, shock
● Food poisoning: enterotoxin; diarrhea w/o vomiting or fever

Clostridium tetani* ● Tetanospasmin ● Soil and animal feces; thru wound
● Degrade synaptobrevin (VAMP2) → inhibit glycine and GABA → muscle does not relax
● Muscular spasms; opisthotonus (backward arching of head; severe)
● Death from respiratory interference

Clostridium botulinum* ● Spores resistant to heat ● Eating food contaminated w/ toxin or spore (canned food, honey)
● Botulinum (heat-labile) toxin ● Proteolysis of SNARE protein → inhibit acetylcholine release → lack of muscle contraction
● Visual disturbances, inability to swallow, speech difficulty → respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrest
● Infant botulism: honey (spore)
● Floppy baby syndrome, flaccid paralysis

Clostridioides difficile* ● Obligate anaerobe (but can ● Ingest spores from healthcare setting (nosocomial); antibiotic use
survive in aerobic using spores) ● Acute diarrheal illness due to pseudomembranous colitis
● Toxins A & B ● Spore germination → bacteria proliferate in colon → erosion of mucosa and pseudomembrane formation

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