Lecture notes

Central Nervous System Structures and Neurotransmitters

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Module
Integrated Human Physiology (CSC1005)

Institution
University Of Exeter (UoEX)

Book
Human Physiology

A summary of the notes from the lectures covering the structure of the central nervous system (CNS) and how neurotransmitters work within the CNS.

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Uploaded on August 31, 2021
Number of pages 2
Written in 2020/2021
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Dr miguel dasilva
Contains Central nervous system

cns neurotransmitters
central nervous system
synapses
amino acids
amines
peptides
neuromodulators
neurpeptides
endocannabinoid system
neurones
glial cells
ventricular system
spinal cord
brain
white ma

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Synapses Neurotransmitter (NT) receptors NT removal
Electrical (rare in CNS) – located at Embedded in postsynaptic density, 2 main types: Mechanisms:
CNS Neurotransmitters
gap junctions (2 connexons)
between very close neurones. Allow
Ligand-gated ion channels
Structure:
- Diffusion (blood)
- Enzymatic
fast, direct, bi-directional transfer. - Membrane-spanning proteins degradation
Chemical – slower, unidirectional (transmembrane) - Re-uptake into
signals using neurotransmitters. - 4-5 subunits = pore the presynaptic
Neurotransmitter = synthesised in - Ion selective (one or more) neurone by
presynaptic neurone, exert action on Activation presynaptic cell
postsynaptic cell, exogenous effect= - Ligand binds to active sites or astrocytes
endogenous effect, specific removal - Conformational change (glial cells in the
mechanism - Pore opens CNS)
Their effects are fast and can be excitatory or Re-uptake by
Neurotransmitters - 3 types
inhibitory (depending on the ion) transmembrane
Amino acids, amines and peptides.
G protein-coupled receptor transporter proteins
Peptides are much larger and not as
Components In presynaptic and
common. Amino acids and amines
- Receptor (transmembrane protein) glial membranes.
are synthesised in the pre-synaptic
- G-protein (intracellular) Uses a support
terminal, peptides are synthesised in
- Effector (ion channel or enzyme) mechanism (with
ER and Golgi. But all stored in pre-
Activation: proton anti-porters
synaptic terminal.
- Ligand binds to active sites – a co-transporter-
Cells can release 1 or several
- Conformational change of G-protein with Na+) to Recycle
neurotransmitters.
- Activation of effector (ion NT into synaptic
Depolarisation -> Ca2+ channels
entrance/intracellular cascade of reactions) vesicles
open & influx -> synaptic vesicles
Their effects are slow and longer-lasting.
move to active zone -> exocytosis (+
endocytosis to maintain cell size).
Vesicles are reloaded using
neurotransmitter antiporters.
Neuropeptides Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides may also be co- Larger Smaller
released with smaller Made in cell body (ER and Golgi body) Made in pre-synaptic terminal
neurotransmitters from the same Stored in dense-core vesicles (from Golgi) Stored in synaptic vesicles
cell. Exocytosis not limited to active zone as it Exocytosis limited to active zone
requires non-localised increase of Ca2+
Neuromodulators
Slower mechanism of action Faster release
Characteristics:
- They are mediators – modulate Autoreceptors (neuromodulator is a normal neurotransmitter)
the transmission of information  Found in the pre-synaptic membrane
- Produced by neuronal or non-  Sensitive to own neurotransmitter (presynaptic membrane has
neuronal cells (astrocytes) receptors for it)
- May not be stored and released  Normally G protein-coupled receptors (some ionotropic)
as conventional  Have a self-regulatory mechanism:
neurotransmitters When the concentration of neurotransmitter is too high in the cleft, there
- Regulate pre-synaptic is an inhibition of neurotransmitter release or synthesis (as the
neurotransmitter release or neurotransmitter will act on the pre-synaptic membrane receptors).
post-synaptic excitability  Autoreceptors are a part of the normal synaptic communication
- Mainly operate through G
protein-coupled receptors Endocannabinoid system (lipid mediator)
- Produce slower responses  feedback system to regulate conventional synaptic transmission
Types:  Endocannabinoids are synthesised by the post-synaptic cell when it is
- Conventional neurotransmitters very active
acting on autoreceptors  They reduce the opening of pre-synaptic calcium channels, inhibiting
- Lipid mediators e.g. neurotransmitter release
endocannabinoids There are two main G protein-coupled receptors used: CB1 and CB2
- Gaseous mediators e.g. nitric And 2 main ligands (lipids) used: Anandamide (AEA), and 2-Arachydonil
oxide glycerol (2-AG)

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Lecture notes

Central Nervous System Structures and Neurotransmitters

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