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European Dictators Ideology A level notes
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Communist and Fascist dictatorships between 1917 and 1941History A Level
Notes 2020 ~ 2021
NATIVIA
1
, Ideologies of the European Dictators
IDEOLOGIES AND REGIMES SEEN IN EUROPE 1912-50
Ideology Definition Explanation
Communism Communism is an economic ideology that Marxism, lenism were both seen
advocates for a classless society in which all as some form of communism
property and wealth is communally-owned, Lenin failed in the economic
instead of by individuals. The communist aspect to be communism.
ideology was developed by Karl Marx and is the Stalinism was NOT seen as
opposite of a capitalist one, which relies on communism instead, it was
democracy and production of capital to form a more of a dictatorship.
society.
Fascism Fascism is a form of far-right,
A form of political behaviour marked by authoritarian ultranationalism
obsessive preoccupation with political decline, characterized by dictatorial
humiliation, or victimhood and by compensatory power, forcible suppression of
cults of unity, energy and purity, in effective opposition, as well as strong
collaboration with traditional elite groups, regimentation of society and of
abandons democratic liberties and pursues with the economy which came to
redemptive violence and without ethical or legal prominence in early 20th-
restraints goals of internal cleansing and century Europe.
external expansion.
There are differing definitions
and types of Facism. Nazi
Fascism is seen as a nationalistic
and anti-semetic party whereas
Mussolini’s Facism, which was
the first fascist country, was one
that believed in a one-party,
totalitarian control of a nation
and its economy.
Authoritarian They often rise to power as an existing Authoritarian regimes are firmly
Dictators conservative regime begins imposing committed to maintaining or
increasingly undemocratic measures such as restoring traditional structures
immobilizing mass political and industrial and values.
groups. They can also rise to power after a
military coup
Totalitarian They often come to power as a result of a mass
Dictators movement or revolution and are, in theory,
committed to a radical ideology and
programme of political, economical and social
change.
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,TOTALITARIANISM AND AUTHORITARIANISM
There are 5 main aspects which are central to any Totalitarianism regime:
➔ A distinctive ‘utopian’, all-embracing ideology which both dominates and attempts to restructure
all aspects of society.
➔ A political system headed by an all-powerful leader, who often develops a cult like personality.
The state and parliament is under the control of this leader.
➔ An intentional use of censorship and propaganda aimed at controlling all aspects of culture and
indoctrinating all sections of society, often the young.
➔ A systematic use of coercion and terror in order to ensure absolute power and total compliance
over the people.
➔ The establishment of total state control and coordination of the economy, which is subordinated
to the political objective of the regime.
Historians still struggle to define which dictator was totalitarian and which was authoritarian. This
discussion remains unassured today. The same goes for an accurate definition of Fascism which means a
different thing to everyone.
Most dictators believe in social darwinism, the survival of the fittests. In Germany Social Darwinism was a
foundation in Hitlers anti-semitism and racism.
WORLD WAR I AND ITS IMPACTS
- Created huge upheaval
- Socially and economically all European countries were devastated by the war
- Politically the map of Europe was changed
- Before WW1 many European countries had been old-fashioned monarchies such as Russia, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy. Those monarchies were destroyed by WW1
SITUATION BEFORE WORLD WAR I
3
, Big changes happened before World War 1 such as:
❖ RAPID Industrialisation - technological development leading to a second wave of industrialization.
❖ Urbanisation - People were moving back to cities as the cities began to have more buildings etc.
❖ Growth of the Working Class - This class became more politically aware, as was the traditional peasant class.
❖ Darwinism gave way to social Darwinism which then led to imperialism and eugenics.
➢ Eugenics: The practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people
with specific desirable hereditary traits. ‘ Breeding out the disease’
➢ Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of
military force, or other means.
❖ During this time there was a great amount of nationalism - this led to multinational empires but also made
way for rebellion.
World War I resulted in:
- The fall of great empires such as: Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Turkey
- Russia, Germany and Austro-Hungary were the losers of the war.
- Russia turned to dictatorship yet again, Germany became democratic along with Austria-Hungary.
- It is arguable that the war cleared the way for twentieth-century dictatorships by smashing nineteenth-
century autocracies (through the Treaty of Versailles) without providing a viable alternative.
Lenin's Russia, 1918 - 1924
BACKGROUND {THE 1905 REVOLUTION AND THE ERA OF THE DUMAS (1906–14)}
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