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Unit 10 Learning outcome B- sociological perspectives
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
This is Unit 10 Learning outcome B, bases on sociology. Graded distinction. hopes this helps xx
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Unit 10: sociological perspectivesConcepts and terminology used within sociology.
Within society there are many different cultures and identities, this can be viewed by social
institution which is building block of society for the institutions such as education system or the legal
system. Society is made up of, family, education, religion, health and social care, economic system
and politics. Socialization is part of society which means how we learn behaviour in society. Each
person in society will learn different behaviours due to their different cultures and from their
parents or role models. Primary socialisation takes place within the family and learning by how you
were being brought up by your parents or caregivers. Secondary socialisation is what you learn other
than family for example, schools and friends. How our parents teach us about society could be
different to how our friends or others see society. For example, our parents may be small minded
where they could have sexist views however others in society think it is wrong. We must go through
secondary socialisation to experience society views and get a basic understanding of what is wrong
or right. We learn norms from society and from family this means rules or guidelines on how to
behave in society. We normally learn norms from schools from when teachers say you should not do
this as its disrespectful. If you go against these norms’ society would consider you as deviant which
means someone who does not follow the society rules such as a criminal. A criminal would be
considering a deviant as they broke the law and is harming society, meaning they will be
disrespected in society.
We can learn stuff from society such as caring for elderly people, in Asian societies they care for the
elderly of the family where in the UK we normally put them into care homes and someone else does
the job not the family. This is an example on how society teaches people behaviours, this could be
because of the different norms we learnt in society. From my research, socialization is the dialectical
process where individuals adapt to norms and beliefs. Lutfey and Mortimer 2006, these sociologists
says that social competencies develop, and socialization contributes to social order. There are many
theorists who commented on socialization and there are many theories. Such as, stage theory which
is about children and how they learn the “normal” norms. They reach milestones and learn norms
through their family and society. Piaget theory of cognitive development talks about socialization
and how they learn about perspectives of others. Systems of socialization and power theory, Collins
2000 talks about how young black women’s socialization for survival in a racist society. Spivak 1988,
talks about how power and status can have little opportunity for social mobility or meaningful
integration (Daina Sara and Perez-Felkner August 2018).
Social roles are expectations either in society or in a family. This affects how we behave and acts for
example, being a father could have expectations such as money for the family. Every social role is
different for people like in the 1960s, the men were meant to work and provide for the family where
the women were meant to cook and clean the house. Nowadays the social roles have changed
where there are different types of families like single mothers, where they will work and provide for
the family instead of men. The social roles will continue to change over the years. In my research,
“normal” norms in social roles come in society where it is gender-based roles where many people
still think like this. Nowadays the norms are based on the level of education and skill set rather than
the gender. Role set is different roles in social institutions. This can play conflict in social institutions
such as men pay are higher than women are the same role, which is unfair and should not happen
(Sociology Learner 29th Sep 2017).
Social class means a person social and economic in society. Social stratification means hierarchies in
society where some groups may have higher status than others. Social class is a form of social
, stratification where some people are higher than others. For example, a wealthy businessman is
higher in society than a low-income worker. Our social class is decided by our income, lifestyle
choices or education. From my research, National statistic Socio-economic Classification NS-SEC
explains social class and was made in 2001. Their research was based on occupation and how it fit
into the social class. The classes are higher managerial, administrative and professional occupations,
lower managerial occupations, intermediate occupations, small employers, lower supervisory, semi-
routine occupations, routine occupations and never worker or long-term unemployed (Gov N.D).
Sociology views on race could vary such as many people experience racism in society. There are
many groups of races, where there is little social mobility (moving from different groups in society).
Each group has different values and cultures however they work together in a society. Some races
can experience discrimination such as racism which is still common to this day. In my research, Black
Lives Matter movement formed in 2013, where they fight for anti-black violence. In 2020, George
Floyd was killed in American by a police officer who was racially profiting him. This cause a big
protest worldwide where they are still fighting for black rights (Britannica n.d). Has there been many
cases on race in the 20th century however race was worse in the 19 th century. For example, in the
19th century white Europeans were better so they used African people for slavery. This was all down
to the colour of their skin, they exploited race. However, in the 20 th century race is still happening
such as the George Floyd case and many more discrimination against colour of people skin.
In society gender have expectations and expects to behaviour in certain ways. Within history women
were seen to clean and cook where men go to work. In jobs nowadays men are seen to do the more
manly jobs such as a builder where women are seen to have jobs such as cleaner. Also, there is a pay
gap between women and men where men are paid more and more likely to have higher roles.
However nowadays women are trying this stereotype where women are getting more higher
professionals’ roles. In many western society men are still viewed muscular and should provide their
families where women stay at home and clean, many western mothers have never worked in their
lives before. Functionalist theorists say men fill instrumental roles where women fill expressive roles
in society. This is a division of jobs and wages inequalities (thoughtco April 18 th, 2018). For women to
get rights, they went through a lot in history as they were seen to just look after their husband and
children. There are many milestones that women overcome such as in 1979 Margaret Thatcher was
the first women prime minister of Britain, it was men should get the important professional roles. In
1975 the Sex Discrimination Act makes it illegal to discriminate against women in employment or
education (Tim lambert n.d). However, in some countries/ society still think of women having nor
rights like men. For example, in India road safety rules does not apply to women and in Yemen a
woman is considered half a witness to a crime.
In society, age is viewed with social status such as western countries their elderly is seen as highest
in the family and they are protected. People are living longer, and the population is increasing. More
people are living to retirement age where they are enjoying their retirement.
There are poorer regions and richer regions, this will affect your illness and wellbeing. Such as living
in a poorer region can worsen your health like pollution can cause lung cancer or asthma. For
example, cancer UK publish statistic where they have the highest levels of lung cancer and it is in the
north and Scotland.
Within society there are many different religions which have different behaviours and expectations
in the religion. In my research, religion shapes individuals and societies around the world. Some
people can be discriminated against for their religion and is under the equality act. Some people may
not be acceptive of some religions and be judgemental. Emile Durkheim defined religion as unified
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