Summary
Summary Gene Mutation
- Institution
- University Of Leeds (UoL)
Detailed notes on Gene Mutation
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
BLGY1232 MutationChemistry
Nucleic acids are polymeric molecules
Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, a “base” and phosphate
The sugars are RIBOSE and DEOXYRIBOSE:
These contain 5 carbon atoms, labelled 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ and 5’
The ‘ symbol is known as a “prime”, so you will hear these positions referred to
as “one-prime”, “two-prime”, “three-prime” etc
Ribose carries an -OH group on both the 2’ and the 3’ carbon
Deoxyribose carries an -OH group, only on its 3’ carbon
Ribose is the constituent sugar of RNA, deoxyribose is the constituent sugar of
DNA
The 1’-C atom is linked to a base; Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G),
Thymine (T),Uracil (U) Thymine is found only in DNA and is replaced by Uracil
in RNA
A sugar linked to a base is called a nucleoside or a deoxynucleoside (depending on
whether the sugar is ribose or deoxyribose)
Nucleoside phosphates or nucleotides have 1, 2 or 3 phosphate groups attached to
the 5’ carbon atom. (As in adenosine mono-, di- or tri-phosphate)
The polynucleotide chains (the nucleic acids) consist of chains of nucleotides which
are linked by the formation of bonds between the phosphate on the 5’ carbon of one
nucleotide, to the oxygen on the 3’ carbon of the next nucleotide The bond is
known as a 3’ 5’ phosphodiester bond: O-P-O
DNA and RNA chains have POLARITY; At one end there will always be a free 5’-
phosphate, at the other there will always be a free 3’-hydroxyl group “five-prime
end” and the "three-prime end”
If it’s a complementary chain they can form a double stranded molecule; RNA and
DNA
Central dogma; DNA can be copied to make DNA, it can also be copied into RNA via
transcription and RNA is transformed into a protein via translation RNA can be
transferred back to DNA via reverse transcription
DNA replication
DNA is copied by semi-conservative replication
Involves; DNA-unwinding enzymes, primase, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
DNA polymerase – one enzyme, 3 activities;
Polymerase activity extends new chain 5’-3’ by copying template strand from
3’-5’ by extending an RNA primer annealed to the template
5’-3’ exonuclease activity chews way ahead of polymerase
3’-5’ exonuclease checks for mismatches and removes them
Transcription – the copying of DNA sequence into RNA by the enzyme RNA
polymerase
Translation – the RNA copy of the DNA sequence (mRNA) is decoded by the protein
synthetic machinery to synthesize polypeptides (proteins) the proteins have
enzymatic and structural properties in the cell and carry out all the cellular functions
that characterize living organisms
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller 7joshlyons7. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £2.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
52355 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now