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Summary Criminology Unit 1
These are all the notes needed for the Unit 1 Controlled Assessment. Includes cases examples, statics and was able to achieve A* using these notes
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Unit 1 – Changing awareness of crime.AC1.1 Analyse different types of crime.
White collar crime is a non-violent crime which is usually committed by people with high
status within society in order to obtain financial gains. This crime is both deviant and
criminal act because it’s illegal to do fraud claims and is deviant because theses action goes
against society norms. For example, white collar crimes can involve fraud, embezzlement,
professional misconduct or corruption in government or business. Subsequently, the likely
victim of this crime tends to be businesses or those who potentially have funds to invest in
businesses for example, retired workers could be targets due to accessing a large amount of
money from their pension. The typical offender tends to be those with high status who are
potentially respected and trusted by the victims. Another example of white-collar crimes is
organised crime, which is where crimes are planned and committed on a large scale by
powerful groups such as the Mafia who are a huge gang who commits crime like
prostitution, drug dealing and even murder on a large scale. Furthermore, the low
awareness of this crime due to low media coverage, only reports when large amounts of
money that has been stolen or famous person who happens to be a victim or an offender of
this crime. Moreover, there is not much awareness due offender being able to conceal their
activities by transactions. In the brief, there is seen to be white collar crime incident, Mr S
was a bank manager who used his position in the company to have financial gain in order to
maintain his ‘extravagant’ lifestyle.
Technology crime is a crime where you use the internet as an instrument in order to further
illegal ends and commit crimes. This crime is both deviant and criminal acts because it’s
illegal to do internet fraud and deviant because it goes against society values and norms. On
the other hand, some of these crimes are seen to be decriminalise like illegal downloading
of music and movies it’s still against the law but it’s not seen as a big deal within society. An
example of technological crimes can include fraud, trafficking in child pornography and
stealing identities. Another example of technological crime can include e-crime where
people use the internet to bully other and cause harm or distress on people. This crime can
be seen in the brief where David, Mr S son was cyber bullied online and was harassed
repeatedly with threating and abusive texts. The likely victim can be anyone who is able to
access the internet and can be exposed to a variety of crimes and could possibly be a victim
of phishing scams where people’s personal information is stolen. Types of offender of this
crime is anyone who is familiar of internet and those who are able to hack peoples account
which are mainly those who are overseas. There is seen to be awareness about this crime
where people are promoting these sorts of crimes online causing more people to commit
this crime , however elder people who are most likely to be victims of technological crime
may not be aware that they are a victim until they check their bank accounts and see that
money has been stolen from online fraudsters.
, Unit 1 – Changing awareness of crime.
Individual crime are crimes that involve causing or attempting to cause harm to others.
Types of individual crimes include hate crimes, domestic violence and honour crimes.
Honour crime is both deviant and criminal where it’s illegal in the UK to commit this crime
but is seen as culturally acceptable in Asia and not seen as the norm within society. Hate
crime is both deviant and criminal as it’s illegal to assault someone and goes against people
moral values to attack someone on the bases of their identity. Hate crime is a crime where
its motivated by prejudice views based on one’s gender, age, disability, race, religion and
sexual orientation.
For example, hate crimes include physical assault, verbal abuse, vandalism and arson. The
typical victim can be anyone who is discriminated against, for example Stephen Lawrence
was murder in April 1993 by white gang members due to his race. Typical offender tends to
be those who have prejudice view to certain groups and those with traditional views and
values. People’s awareness of the matter is somewhat high however many people may not
be fully aware that an incident taken place is a hate crime or that they are a victim of a hate
crime themselves, or believe that the incident is not serious enough to report to the police ,
for example if someone is verbally abused with racial slurs they may not report because
they weren’t physically assaulted.
Another type of individual crime is honour crime which are punishment upon those who
have potentially seen to bring ‘shame’ upon the family or community. For example, Banaz
Mahmod was a Muslim woman who lived in London and was murdered by her family at the
age of 20 because she left her husband and started a new relationship, and this was seen to
have brought shame upon the family. The typical victim tends to be women from Asian
communities and families and the typical offender is mainly male member from the family
to carry out with crime this from Asian communities. There is low public awareness of this
crime due to cultural reasons and some cultures may view that is acceptable way to punish
someone who has brought shame upon the family and may not realise it’s against the law to
do so.
In the brief Mr S son is a victim of hate crime due to his sexual orientation, ever since he’s
told people his is homosexual, he then started to receive homophobic language and insults
online. Furthermore, honour crime is portrayed in the brief where Mrs S married a man that
her family did not approve of and now that family are now possibly going to arrange to
murder her due to cultural reasons of how she brought shame upon the family.
, Unit 1 – Changing awareness of crime.
AC1.2 Explain the reasons that certain crimes are unreported.
Personal reasons
People may avoid reporting crimes because they may fear that the criminal justice system
may not believe them or fear that they could possibly face consequences or retribution from
the offender. For example, a domestic abuse victim may feel that if they report a domestic
incident to the police this could lead to the offender to physical hurt them or their family
members. Therefore, people are reluctant to report the crimes, due to fear that they may
make the situation worse by reporting it.
Moreover, people may not report a crime due to shame of being a victim of a particular
crime, and may not report due to feeling embarrassed and don’t want to be judged by
others in a negative way. This is seen in the brief where Mrs S may feel ashamed for not
obeying her family wishes and therefore won’t speak or ask for help relating her husband’s
gambling problems.
People who have a disinterest in a crime are less likely to report this crime and don’t seem
to care. For example, police may show disinterest if the offender is hard to identify or lack of
evidence to proceed with the case or people tend to have a disinterest in victimless crime
that involve vagrancy, prostitution and white-collar crimes.
Personal reason for not reporting crime people are not affected by the crime in anyway and
therefore choose to ignore the issue or mind their business, for example underage drinking
people are not affected by this and therefore wont report it. People tend to debate if they
should report the crime or not, for instance in the brief the bank only consider reporting to
the police about his fraud expenses because they are not harmed or put in any danger and
may only give a warning.
Social and cultural reasons
People tend not to report crimes due to the lack of knowledge and awareness if the act is a
crime or not, for example in the brief Mr S son does not report the hate crime and
technological crime because he may be unaware that cyber-bullying is crime and doesn’t
know who to report too.
Furthermore, people may not report the crime due to a lack of media interest and coverage
of certain crimes, for example victimless, like white collar crimes are not discussed or
mentioned on social media. This leads to the public to be unaware of this crime and
therefore won’t report it.
There tends to be a lack of public concern on particular crimes where people choose to turn
a blind eye to certain crimes, for example illegal streaming and possession of cannabis tend
to be overlooked and therefore people don’t report it.
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