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AQA A Level Depth Study Notes - Russia: Developments between the Revolutions of 1917 £2.99
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AQA A Level Depth Study Notes - Russia: Developments between the Revolutions of 1917

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Extremely high quality and detailed notes for the AQA History Russia A level course. The notes cover: - Lenin's Ideology & April Thesis - The July Days - The Kornilov Affair - The Kerensky Offensive

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  • March 16, 2022
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  • 2018/2019
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DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1917

Lenin’s Ideology + April Theses:



- At time of Feb/March Rev the Bolsheviks = small only 23,000 members
- The Soviets were dominated by SRs + Mensheviks + there were only 40
Bolsheviks in the Petrograd Soviet
- The Bolsheviks in Petrograd agreed with the policy of the Petrograd
Soviet: to give support to the PG while protecting workers’ rights
LENIN’S RETURN:
 1st Bolsheviks to return to Petrograd = Lav, Kamenev and Stalin. Followed policy of other LW
parties -> worked with + supported PG
 Lenin returned 3rd April from exile (Switzerland) -> helped by German gov -> wanted to
create turmoil in Russia (Bolsheviks would want to stop the war)
 Famous speech, Finland Station, Petrograd -> Lenin rejects
all compromise with PG

LENIN ISSUED APRIL THESES:
- No support for Provisional Government
- War should be ended as soon as possible
- Power transferred to Soviets
- All land should be taken over by State + re-allocated to
peasants by local Soviet
- ‘peace, bread, land!’
- Give proletariat power

LENIN’S ROLE AS A LEADER:
 Didn’t immediately receive full support for his proposals
 Some argued that the Bolsheviks weren’t powerful enough
to oppose the PG, others feared his radical proposals would do more harm than good
o More: Allegation that Lenin was in the pay of the Germans (some extent true)
o Mensheviks feared Lenin would undermine what they had been doing and, by
starting up discontent, would provoke a right-wing reaction

HOW DID LENIN WIN THEM OVER:
1. Skills of Lenin:
 Skills of p bersuasion, tactful retreat + compromise, threats of resignation + appeals to rank
& file
 Abandoned call for an immediate overthrow of Prov. Gov initially -> wins over those who
feared civil war
 Sought out party support at factory meetings
 Claimed credit for massive anti-war demonstration in Petrograd in April
o Also claimed for changes already happening in Russia e.g. peasant land seizures
which helped him to appear in control of events
2. Failures of the provisional government:
 Failure of Prov Gov to resolve big issues e.g. land lead to downfall
 Liberal commitment to democracy + insistence that only an elected body, the Constituent
Assembly, could take important decisions - tied their hands for too long in 1917 + allowed
Bolsheviks to seize the initiative

, The July Days

WHEN & WHERE:
 3-5th July 1917
 Petrograd

WHO LED THE ATTEMPTED INSURRECTION:
 It is not clear who started it
 Possible it was spontaneous – these were just rising levels of protest + demonstrations

WHAT HAPPENED:
 Large scale demonstrations in Petrograd (soldiers, sailors form the Kronstadt naval base +
factory workers) due to unrest over unemployment + rising prices
 As the protests turned violent, Bolsheviks tried to turn it back into peaceful demonstration
o Helped force demonstrators out of Peter + Paul Fortress, + helped negotiate
disarming sailors
 However, shots fired + uncontrolled rioting broke out + started to directly challenge the PG

HOW DID THE PROVISIONAL GOV MANAGE TO PUT IT DOWN :
 Loyal troops form front rushed back to Petrograd to restore order – Cossack regiments
remained loyal also
 Mensheviks + SRs supported the PG
 Bolsheviks blamed for uprising (despite helping)
 Official estimates = 400-500 killed – likely to be higher

CONSEQUENCES OF UPRISING:
For the PG:
 Raised spirits of P Gov
 8 July – Kerensky (a SR) replaced Prince Lvov as leader of PG
 Kerensky wanted strong powers to bring army back into line, appointed General Kornilov as
commanded in chief

For the Bolsheviks:
 Newspaper, Pravda = shut down + nearly 800 leaders arrested (including Trotsky +
Kamenev)
 Lenin’s rep fell for fleeing (Stalin also fled) while other were imprisoned (Trotsky)
 Within 2 weeks it seemed as if the Bolshevik party were broken as a political force

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