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AQA A Level History Depth Study Notes - Russia: Stalin's Foreign Policy £2.99
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AQA A Level History Depth Study Notes - Russia: Stalin's Foreign Policy

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Really high quality and detailed notes on Stalin's Foreign Policy as part of the AQA History A level Depth study (Russia). Notes cover/include: - Stalin's Foreign Policy 1929-41 - Soviet Alliances early 1930s - Spanish Civil War - Western Appeasement & Japanese Aggression - Nazi-Soviet Pac...

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  • March 16, 2022
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  • 2019/2020
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Foreign Policy 1929-41:

1917-24 = focus on world revolution; trying to establish relations with other countries
 Other communist revolutions had failed (G + Hungary)
 Comintern set up 1919 to promote world revolution
 Treaties of Rapallo (1922) + Berlin (1926) with Germany – economic + military gains
 Trade agreement with GB – capitalist countries would trade with soviets

1924-29 = USSR more inward looking
 Stalin’s focus on ‘socialism in one country’; only 3 Comintern meetings post 1924
 Dismissive of foreign Communists
 In China he continued to support the Nationalists – thought local communists too weak
 As Stalin ‘turned left’ in 1929 – foreign Communist parties ordered to denounce Socialists
(this split the left-wing in countries such as Germany)

GERMANY:
 Treaty of Rapallo established USSR-Germany relationship + Treaty of Berlin consolidated it
 Most intensive period of Soviet cooperation with Germany was from 1929-32
 German expertise helped industrialisation in the USSR (of the 9000 foreigners working in the
USSR in 1930, around 70% were German; most of the rest = American)
 The USSR benefited from German military training; the Germans benefited from access to
areas in the USSR in which they could carry out military developments banned under the
Versailles Treaty
 Germany was the USSR’s biggest export market, while the USSR was a major was a major
customer for German manufacturing
 In 1931, Germany + the USSR negotiated the continuation of the Berlin Treaty

When Hitler became Chancellor, Stalin moved away from cooperation (Hitler’s power = sign of
weakness + division between capitalist countries) towards greater emphasis on collective security

LEAGUE OF NATIONS:
 Thawing of international relations with USA 1930
o 1933 diplomatic relations established with US
o US recognition important for USSR to join
o US embassy set up in Moscow (Riga Watchers)
o Personal diplomacy of Foreign Commissar Maksim Litvinov
 Why was Maskim Litvinov important to this?
o Accepted as ‘acceptable face’ of USSR
o Polished social background + Experience of west = credibility
o Bringing USSR into LoN appealed to Western powers to collective security against
Japan + Germany
 Reasons for admittance into LoN September 1934
o Collective security
o Maskim Litvinov
o Rise of Japan
o Collective security

, SOVIET ALLIANCES EARLY 1930S:
Poland:
 Negotiated a non-aggression pact December 1932 made into 10 year agreement in 1934
France:
 Similar pack with France 1932 (Nov)
o Basis of a Franco-Soviet mutual assistance (negotiated Dec 1934, singed may 1935)
o France willing as worried about Nazi rearmament 1935
 Problems:
o Didn’t have specific clauses on military cooperation n
o Too vague to be active
o Hollow threat of a 2 front war on Germany
Czechoslovakia (1935):
 May 1935 mutual assistance pacts with France + Czechoslovakia
 Pact = USSR gave an undertaking to aid Czechoslovakia was attacked by ‘Third party’
 Problems:
o Not enforced

The Comintern’s policy switch:
 Stalin’s willingness to form alliances encouraged a complete reversal in the Comintern’s
policy, which was officially announced at the Comintern Congress 1935
 Instead of targeting democratic socialists, foreign communist parties were encouraged to
form ‘popular fronts’ with socialists in order to fight fascism

SPANISH CIVIL WAR:
 2000 Soviet personnel – tank crews + pilots mainly
 More crucially the NKVD were sent there to help set up, train + organise the guerrilla
resistance behind Nationalist lines (the Head of these operations claims they trained 14,000
people by 1938
 The Republican gov gave the USSR its gold reserves (500m dollars) to pay for equipment.
Estimates put this at:
o 100 aircraft
o 1500 artillery pieces
o 900 tanks
o 500,000 rifles
o 45,000 machines guns
o 30,000 tons of ammunition
 Stalin’s policy changed however after early months of 1937
o Direct military commitment decreased -> Stalin no longer wanted Republican victory
but wanted to prolong war to wear down Italian + German forces
o Also wanted to spark international feuds to sustain insecurity for Germany
o Also Fra + GB weren’t doing anything to help

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