Lecture notes
Immunology
- Module
- Immunology
- Institution
- London South Bank University (LSBU)
Lecture notes of 108 pages for the course Immunology at LSBU (Immunology Notes)
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DISEASE AND IMMUNOLOGYDisease- a disorder or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure of the body
resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection,
poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable
environmental factors.
Health- is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The human body- is the structure of a human being. It is composed of many
different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ
systems. They ensure homeostasis and the viability of the human body.
,HUMAN SYSTEMS:
1. Integumentary system (skin, hair, nails)
2. Skeletal system
3. Muscular system
4. Lymphatic system (bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic
duct, spleen, lymph nodes)
5. Digestive system
6. Respiratory system
7. Urinary system
8. Reproductive system
9. Endocrine system
10. Cardiovascular system
11. Nervous system
Immune system- is a system of biological structures and processes within an
organism that protects against disease;
- Is the integrated body system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell
products… that differentiates self from non-self and neutralizes
potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
- Is a remarkably adaptive defense system that has evolved in vertebrates
to protect them from invading pathogenic microorganism and cancer.
Immunity- is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate
biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological
invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune
disease.
- Is a protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a
disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
IMMUNOLOGY STUDY:
- Cells and organs of the immune system
- Innate immunity. Cellular mechanisms. Infectious disease
- Fundamentals of acquired immunity- clonal selection, immunological
memory and immunological tolerance
- B cells
- Antibody structure. Monoclonal antibodies- revolution in biotechnology
and biomedicine
- T cells and cytokines
- Allergy. Four types of hypersensitivity. Blood grouping. Transfusions
- Cancer immunotherapy
, - Autoimmunity
- Transplantation
- Immunological techniques
The transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies:
- Can occur naturally when maternal antibodies are transferred to the
fetus through the placenta/milk
- Can also be induced artificially. Protection from passive immunity
diminished is a relatively short time.
, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF A DISEASE:
- A symptom is any subjective evidence of a disease. Anxiety, low back
pain, and fatigue are all symptoms; only the patient can perceive them.
- A sign is any objective evidence of a disease. Blood coming out a nostril
is a sign; it is apparent to the patient, physician, and others.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
- Excessive thirst and hunger
- Frequent urination (from urinary tract or kidney problems)
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds
- Thrush that keeps coming back
- Skin infections
- Darkening of skin in areas of body creases (acanthosis nigricans)
- Breath odour that is fruity, sweet, or an acetone odour
- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
Chronicl complications
- Eye problems (rertinotherapy)
- Foot problems
- Heart attack and stroke
- Kidney problems (neuropathy)
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Gum disease and other mouth problems
- Sexual problems
Acute complications
- Hypoglycemia- when your blood sugars are too low
- Hyperglycemia- when your blood sugars are too high
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia State (HHS)- a life-threatening emergency
that only happens in people with Type 2 diabetes. It is Brought on by
severe dehydration and very high blood sugars
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)- a life-threatening emergency where the
lack of insulin and high blood sugars leads to a build-up of ketones.
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