Hormonal communication
Type two diabetes
Insulin is still produced and beta cells still working
Fewer insulin receptors
Develop insulin resistance
Glucose is a respiratory substrate
Treatments:
Low carbohydrate/sugar diet
Exercise
Manage weight(gain)
Drugs to control glucose levels
Role of glucose in muscle constraction
ATP needed (in muscle contraction) for breaking cross-bridges between myosin and actin ATP ,
hydrolysed / to ADP and Pi , to reset myosin heads ATP for active transport of calcium ions (back) into
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sinoatrial node:
Increased rate of firing impulses and increased heart rate and circulates blood more quickly
Liver cells
Increased glycogenolysis and makes more glucose available for respiration
Erector muscle In skin
Contraction of muscle
Causes hair to be raised and makes animal looks more larger
Role of adenyl cyclase in target liver cells :
Catalysis synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP
and cyclic AMP activates enzymes responsible for conversion of glycogen to glucose
Explain why gibberellin is classed as a plant hormone
-Chemical messenger
Produced in one part of the plant but has effects in another plant
-affects target tisssues
-Long-lasting
-Wide-spread effect
Structure and function of pancreas:
,-Stain of the nucleus-dark purple
Stain of the cytoplasm-Stained very pale purple
Long term adverse effects of continued exposure to stress on body function:
Prolonged high blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular problems which can lead to diabetes which can
lead to the suppression of the immune system which can lead to susceptibility of disease
Function of the medulla oblongata
-Coordination of autonomic response
-Controls breathing rate
-Controls heart rate
-Controls non-skeletal muscle
Name structures of brain and explain their function
Hypothalamus-Organises homeostatic response
-Maintains body temperature
Cerebrum-Conscious thought/Memory/Vision/hearing/thinking
Cerebellum-Coordinates movement and balance/muscle contraction
Neuronal communication
Gaba molecules inhibits diffusion of sodium ions in post synaptic cleft
Post synaptic neurone becomes more hyperpolarised
Not enough sodium ions for action potential
Dopamine stimulates entry of sodium ions-depolarisation
Names of division of motor systems
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Describe and explain the differences in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
-conserves energy/inhibitory effects
-Use of acetylcholine
-Decreases heart rate
, -Increases digestive system
Sympathetic nervous system
-Stimulation effect
-Use of Noradrenaline
-Reduced digestive system
Combined action of two nervous systems=antagonistic
Biological molecules
Peptide bond is formed between NH2 and COOH during a condenstion reaction and forms water
Secondary structure of polypeptides is formed from hydrogen bonds between R groups forming alpha
helices and beta pleated sheet
Two proteins have different tertiary strucutres :
-different primary sequece
-R groups in different strucutres
-Different internal ionic bonds and disulfide bridges forming in different places
Which macromolecule does a plant need both nitrogen and phosphorus
- DNA
Enzymes
-Protease hydrolysis a peptide bond between two amino acids
Extracellular enzymes: Trypsin,Amylase and Kinase
Describe how catalse can inhibit cell death from hydrogen peroxide
-Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide produces harmless oxygen and water
Describe the lock and key hypothesis
-Ezymes have an active site with a specific shape
-Substrate fits complementary to active site
-Enzyme-substrate complex formed
-Enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds /ionic bonds
-Enzyme-product complex formed
Cofactor for production of carbonic acid=zn2+
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