Summary

Summary Psychopathology knowledge organiser (AQA A/AS level psychology)

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Module
Psychopathology

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AQA

Contains all the information you need for AQA psychology psychopathology topic, presented in a concise, colourful and easy-to-understand format! The document comes in high-quality PDF format, optimised for printing or just viewing online! While this is specifically designed for AQA A level, i...

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1. Summary - Memory knowledge organiser (aqa a/as level knowledge organiser)
2. Summary - Social influence knowledge organiser (aqa a/as level psychology)
3. Summary - Psychopathology knowledge organiser (aqa a/as level psychology)
4. Summary - Attachment knowledge organiser (aqa a/as level psychology)
5. Summary - Attachment knowledge organiser (aqa a/as level psychology)
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DEFINITIONS OF ABRNORMALITY OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) Aims to incr
neurotransm

Statistical infrequency + Real life application - Uniqueness can be positive Behavioural characteristics Emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics - SSRI's (Sele
Any usual or common behaviour can be Statistical infrequency IQ scores above 130 are • Compulsions: (repetitive • Anxiety and distress • Obsessive thoughts By preventin
thought of as normal. Therefore, any is used in clinical statistically infrequent, but and reduce anxiety) serotonin, S
• Accompanying depression • Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
behaviour that is not common or usual diagnosis of mental that doesn't make them a bad • Avoidance serotonin in
(statistically infrequent) can be considered disorders. The severity thing. Statistical infrequency • Guilt and disgust • Insight into excessive anxiety for SSRI's to
abnormal. of symptoms can be alone cannot indicate whether
Under this definition, someone with a fear of assessed by comparing something is undesirable, Neural explanations for OCD Genetic explanations for OCD - CBT
buttons would be considered abnormal against statistical meaning it cannot be used CBT is often
Low levels of serotonin may contribute to the development Researchers have identified several candidate genes which
because that is a statistically infrequent fear. norms. alone to make diagnoses. reduced the
of OCD. If serotonin is low, transmission of mood-related create a genetic vulnerability to OCD (which could be
information between neurons may be interrupted. activated by a stressor, according to the diathesis-stress engage with
Some cases of OCD, particularly the hoarding aspect, seem model).
+ Cultural relativism - Human rights abuses Deviation from social norms
to be associated with impaired decision making systems. OCD is polygenic, meaning it is caused by a combination of
This definition takes This definition of Concerns behaviour that is different from the Areas of the brain, such as the lateral (sides of) frontal multiple genes, rather than a single one. One group of
cultural context into abnormality can lead to accepted standards of behaviour in a community or cortex are responsible for logical decision making, which genes might cause OCD in one person, but a whole different
account, which can be human rights abuses. society. may be impaired in OCD patients. set of genes might cause it in another person.
a strength because Ethnic minorities may Social norms vary between cultures and generations.
social norms will vary hold different social This means there are very few behaviours that would
across cultures, norms from the wider be considered universally abnormal.
therefore the country they live, so For example, antisocial personality disorder is Evaluation of neural explanations Evaluation of genetic explanations
definition of may be labelled considered abnormal in the majority of cultures, + Supporting evidence + Good supporting evidence • Panic
abnormality should abnormal. because its traits are deviant from most social Some antidepressants that are effective in reducing OCD Twin studies have provided supporting evidence for the • Avoidan
vary too. norms. symptoms work purely on the serotonin system. This genetic explanation. Nestadt et al (2010) did a meta-analysis • Enduran
suggests there is a biological basis to OCD. of previous twin studies, and found a high concordance rate phobic s

Failure to function adequately + Patient perspective - Uniqueness can be - It's not clear which neural mechanisms are involved
- Too many candidate genes
Occurs when someone is unable to cope with A strength of this positive Studies have found that the decision making systems
Although twin studies suggest OCD is largely genetic, • Anxiety
ordinary demands of day-to-day living, such explanation is that it function abnormally in people with OCD. However, other
When deciding whether researchers have not been able to isolate specifically which
as holding down a job or having meaningful attempts to include the research has found other brain systems that are sometimes • Emotion
someone is failing to genes are responsible, because there appears to be many. someone
interactions with others. subjective experience of involved. This means we don't yet fully understand which
function adequately, This means the genetic explanation is not very useful, unreason
For example: someone who is statistically the patient. That means neural systems are involved in OCD.
someone has to make a because it has very little predictive value.
infrequent may only be diagnosed with a this definition is focused judgement about whether
mental health disorder if they are also failing on recognising people who the patient is in distress.
Phobias are
to function adequately. might need help.
operant con

+ Comprehensive - Unrealistically Deviation from ideal mental health A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY • Acquisit
Involves lear
definition high standard Occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria no fear with

Psychopathology knowledge organiser
The criteria for ideal Very few of us will be for good mental health. This explanation looks at what For example
mental health, such as able to achieve all of is considered normal (i.e. ideal), and defines stung. They
Jahoda's list, is very the criteria outlined abnormality as deviance from normal. caused by th
comprehensive, and by Jahoda, especially Jahoda (1958) came up with a list of traits that she trigger a fea
covers a broad range of not at the same suggests are indicative of ideal mental health.
conditions. time.
DEPRESSION • Mainten
Responses a
over time. H
Cognitive characteristics Emotional characteristics Behavioural characteristics Ellis’s ABC model (1962) Beck’s cognitive approach (1967) this as a resu
When we av
• Poor concentration • Low mood • Change in activity levels Ellis created the ABC model to explain how irrational Beck (1967) suggested a cognitive approach to explaining why some people
thoughts can lead to depression. are more vulnerable to depression than others. An individual's cognitions associated w
• Dwelling on the • Anger • Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour an
negatives • Low self-esteem behaviour: including insomnia • A: Activating event are what create this vulnerability. It includes:
• Absolutist thinking: and hypersomnia. Appetite may We experience negative events (failing a test, a break- • Faulty information processing: when depressed we attend to the
increase or decrease significantly
thinking in ‘black & up, etc) which leads to irrational beliefs negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives. We also tend to
white’ terms
• Aggression & self harm
blow small problems out of proportion and think in 'black and white' Behavioural
• B: Beliefs terms. anxiety thro
CBT: Beck’s cognitive therapy CBT: Ellis’s rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) We may believe that we must always succeed or • Negative self-schema: a self-schema is the information we hold about replaced wit
This applies Beck's cognitive Attempts to identify and challenge irrational thoughts. For achieve perfection (which is unrealistic). The slightest ourselves. If our self-schema is negative, we will interpret all information impossible t

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