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3.1.4.2 The nature and distribution of cold environments
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Notes on: - The global distribution of cold environments. - Physical characteristics of cold environments. Climate, soils and vegetation (and their interaction). - The global distribution of past and present cold environments (polar, alpine, glacial and periglacial) and of areas affected by th...

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  • August 14, 2022
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  • 2020/2021
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3.1.4.2 The nature and distribution of cold environments

The geologic timescale

, The earth is 4.5 billion years old. Dinosaurs lived 230-65 million years ago. Every 200 to 250
million years during the earth’s history there appear to have been major periods of glacial
activity. During the quaternary period, which began just over 2 million years ago, the ice
began to spread from the polar ice caps, particularly into North America and Northern
Europe. The Pleistocene spans from 2.6 million to 12,000 years ago. The Holocene spans
from 12,000 years ago to the present day. Temperatures have fluctuated considerably – no
more than 6 degrees Celsius. This period of time is known as the Pleistocene epoch, a
geological period that lasted from about 1.8 million years ago until about 11,700 years ago.
During this time there was a pattern of alternating cold glacial and warn interglacials; in the
last one million years there may have been as many as ten glacial periods shown by
evidence from ocean floor deposits. Snow fell during the glacials, resulting in the formation
of huge ice masses. During the interglacials, much of the ice melted and the ice sheets and
glaciers retreated. Glacials are thought to have been 5-6*C cooler than interglacials.




At its greatest extent the ice covered nearly a third of the
earths surface, and only 18,000 years ago, at the peak of the
last advance, ice covered the UK from the Bristol Channel
across to Norfolk. During the last ice age the temperature
remained below 0*C, which allowed the ice to remain on the
land all year. This ice sheet accounts for Britain’s glacial
features. We are currently in an interglacial – most glaciers are
retreating.

Current glaciated areas include the ice cap of Antarctica and
northern Greenland, northern Russia, northern Scandinavia,
northern Canada, and the high mountains of the high Andes,
Rockies, Himalayas and Alps. Past glacial and periglacial
environments include Britain and most of central Western
Europe, where lower latitudes and altitudes show the imprint
of the last (Pleistocene) glaciations. At the last glacial

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