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3.1.5.3 Volcanic Hazards
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Notes on: The nature of vulcanicity and its relation to plate tectonics: forms of volcanic hazard: nuées ardentes, lava flows, mudflows, pyroclastic and ash fallout, gases/acid rain, tephra. Spatial distribution, magnitude, frequency, regularity and predictability of hazard events. Impacts: ...

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  • August 14, 2022
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  • 2020/2021
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3.1.5.3 Volcanic Hazards

The distribution of volcanoes

Volcanoes occur at convergent and divergent plate boundaries, however not at conservative
margins, because there is no magma. The 40,000km Pacific Ring of Fire has a concentration of
volcanoes, in a long narrow belt. There is a high density of volcanoes stretching from the Aleutian
Islands, through Japan, the Philippines and across to New Zealand. However, there is an anomaly –
some volcanoes are found away from plate boundaries at hot spots where magma plumes reach the
earth’s crust, such as the Hawaiian hot spot, and along rift valleys, such as the Great African Rift
Valley. The type and magnitude of eruption vary according to location, which influences the type of
magma.




The classification of volcanoes

Volcanoes can either be classified by their activity, type of eruption or type of magma.

According to activity:
- Active – an active volcano is a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past
10,000 years. An active volcano might be erupting or dormant.
- Dormant – a dormant volcano would be one that has not erupted in the past 10,000 years,
but which is expected to erupt again.
- Extinct – an extinct volcano has not had any eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not
expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.

, According to the type of eruption:

NAME TYPE OF MAGMA CHARACTERISTICS OF
ERUPTION
Icelandic Basaltic Lava flows gently from
fissures.
Hawaiian Basaltic Lava flows gently from a
central vent.
Strombolian (Thicker) basaltic Frequent, explosive eruptions
of tephra and steam.
Occasional, short lava flows.
Vulcanian (Thicker) basaltic, andesitic Less frequent, but more
and rhyolitic violent eruptions of gases, ash
and tephra (including lapilli).
Vesuvian (Thicker) basaltic, andesitic Following long periods of
and rhyolitic inactivity, very violent gas
explosions blast ash high into
the sky.
Krakatoan Andesitic and rhyolitic Exceptionally violent explosion
which may remove much of
the original cone.
Peléean Andesitic and rhyolitic Very violent eruptions of
nuées and ardentes.
Plinian Rhyolitic Exceptionally violent eruptions
of gases, ash and pumice.
Torrential rainstorms cause
devastating lahars.

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