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Summary HISTORY A LEVEL RUSSIA THEME 3 NOTES (A*) £6.99
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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. History 2015
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  7. Unit 1E - Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin

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Summary HISTORY A LEVEL RUSSIA THEME 3 NOTES (A*)
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Theme 3 (control of the people) notes in full. clear and concise but contains all necessary info from textbook plus extra historian info (Figes). perfect if you don't want to read the whole textbook. got me an A*. good for cramming, essay plans + exam questions.

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  • August 21, 2022
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Theme 3 - control of the people
State control of the mass media and propaganda -

Newspapers -

 Lenin moved quickly to stamp on any signs of freedom of the press
 Newspapers = mouth pieces of the Bourgeoise
 By early 1920's all non Bolshevik newspapers were banned
 All editors and journalists members of gov
 Approval from Glavlit was needed for every article and publication
 Pravda - Communist party newspaper, Izvestiya - gov newspaper - propaganda
 Newspapers contained - achievements of socialism (production figures etc) -
especially in the 1930's with Stalin's push to industrialise
 Also included - expeditions (technology triumphing over nature) - bravery, adventure
 Prohibited topics (or those reported late) included plane crashes and natural disasters
e.g. Fire outside of Moscow in July 1972 - delayed reporting by 1 month
 Criticising Party leaders was not allowed - only minor bureaucrats

Magazines -

 Aimed as specific groups of workers e.g. Farmers, soldiers or teachers
 Some interests off limits e.g. Sex, crime and religion

Radio -

 Easy for the Bolsheviks to influence as a fairly new development
 By 1921 - programmes being broadcasted
 Featured news and propaganda material, with little emphasis on music
 Installed loudspeakers in public places, factories and clubs
 Helped get messages across to illiterate population

Television -

 1950's - became a key method to get gov message across
 A mix of news, documentaries on the achievements of socialism and cultural
programmes
 Life in the Soviet Union presented as joyous
 Life under capitalism - rife with crime, homelessness and violence
 1985 - greater focus on light entertainment

Results -

 People often red between the lines - e.g. News of the heart problems of a Politburo
member was interpreted as a fall from favour
 Technology changed but gov ensured a steady diet of propaganda was conveyed
 Came to rely on the output as a distraction from the realities of socialism
 1980's - technology was advancing further - meant that information could be shared
easier

,  Computers - made accessing information easier - challenge to the gov who wanted to
restrict its populations access to information

Personality cults - Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev

Introduction -

 Recurring theme in propaganda
 Achievements and qualities of leaders highlighted
 The focus on individual leaders often went against the socialist emphasis on the
collective
 Stalin - turned a dictatorship of the proletariat into a personal dictatorship
 Khrushchev - denounced Stalin's cult of personality and then went on to develop his
own
 Brezhnev - created a cult which gave him the appearance and trappings of power - he
had less personal power than Khrushchev and Stalin

Why was a cult of personality used? -

 Reinforced the power of individual leaders - dethatched them from the collective
leadership in the Politburo
 Post Lenin's death - hailed as a hero of the Revolution - images of him appeared
everywhere - used to motivate the population to commit to the revolution
 Body displayed in the mausoleum in Red Square, Petrograd renamed Leningrad in
1924
 Wave of support for Lenin after his death - gov built on this
 The cult of Lenin was used by successive leaders - support their claim - e.g. Stalin

The cult of Stalin -

 Firstly linked him to Lenin - loyalty - secondly as a way as reinforcing his personal
dictatorship
 Key features -
o 1st phase - highlights the links between Lenin and Stalin (even when none
existed) - closest colleague - hero of the civil war and the saviour of the
revolution
o 1925 - Tsaritsyn renamed Stalingrad
o 1924 - 'Stalin is the Lenin of today'
o 1930's - images of Stalin used to reinforce his power - giving the impression
of the all present, all knowing leader
o Benefactor, inspiration, defender of socialism e.g. Identified him with
achievements of the five year plans
o Posters of Stalin in military uniform common during WW2 - defender of
Mother Russia
o Propaganda posters - man of the people - Stalin and a worker, Stalin and a
peasant
o Images of him with children - father figure
o Biographies - early life was embellished and quite often invented
o Family home in Georgia turned into a shrine
o Happy family life invented - he had only seen his mother 3 times in 40 years

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