Summary

Summary of OCR level Geography human rights

0 purchase

Module
Human rights

Institution
OCR

this document contains all the information and more than you need to get As in your exams. inside has relevant and up to date facts and figures from the textbook and secondary research. You only need to remember a few facts for the top marks. Use these notes alongside your lessons or use them as a ...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 17 pages

View example

Uploaded on October 31, 2022
Number of pages 17
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

human rights
opportunities
challenges
intervention
ocr geographyy
alevels
human rights issues
social inequality
violations
womans rights

Study Level A/AS Level
Examinator OCR
Subject Geography
Unit Human rights

austeja Member since 2 year 13 documents sold

1a) Human rights
Human right act established at the UN general assembly on the 10th December
1948

Human rights council is an inter-governing council within the UN made up 47
states that promote and protect the human rights all over the world.

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are
entitled to
• They applicable at all times, in all places and protect everyone equally
without discrimination on race, gender, religion, nationality, place of
residence, ethnic residence, language or any other status
• Distribution - most extreme risk countries are in the Middle East (Syria
most), south Asia, north east of Africa. Europe and Canada least at risk

Human right norms
• Practices established by countries and now integrated in their culture and
accepted as norms
• Helped establish universal declaration of human rights and are protected
by international law
• Not all countries adhere

Declaration - agreement is accepted but not legally binding

Convention - agreement between different states that is legally binding and
under international law

Signing a treaty - shows an intent by state to comply with the agreement

Ratifying a treaty - state consents to be legally bound to the treaty and creates
legislation to enforce these laws

Intervention
• If convention is ratified the country is legally bound to do all they can to
uphold it by establishing nationwide legislation and committee to
monitor progress
• If this is not met other countries can intervene
• This is intervention is designed to end violations of human rights that are
occurring

1. Military force
• In extreme cases
• Peacekeeping troops sent to promote stability and prevent further
violations
• Permission given by UN council
• More active than passive - controversial
• Disadvantages
o Possible that civilians can get caught up in the fire
o Can create more refugees
o Might not be sustainable/ good in the long term - can become
overdependent
o Can trigger more violations
o Often have an ulterior motive, benefitting someone else

, o Can cause bigger divides
• Advantages
o Halts violations and injustices
o Allows for political stability
o Allows for communities to re-establish themselves
o Enables countries to develop - with war other priorities
o Reduces exodus of refugees - population/skills leaving

UN peacekeeping
• Non-militant passive approach to calm situations
• Countries can become over reliant on aid and support
• Troops and key workers from member states
• No violence - to empower groups to improve rights
• Can advise governments
• Monitor, protect, promote and empower population

Political intervention
• Often through economic trade/ sanctions
• Stopping trade (embargoes) or have to pay fines

Global governance of human rights - complex and multifaceted
• Can involve direct physical intervention as well as the appearance of
growing human rights norms

Geopolitics
• Global balance of political power and international relations
• Pattern of political power is closely related to economic power, esp. in
terms of relative wealth and international trade strength of nations and
groups of nations
• Contemporary geopolitical power has uneven spatial distribution and
viewed from different perspectives
• There are inequalities in power between states depending on wealth,
political strength and development (ACs, EDCs, LIDCs)
• Supranational political and economic organisations such as UN, EU,
ASEAN etc. exert greater geopolitical influence than their individual
member states
• Due to globalisation MNCs exert great influence on countries in which
they invest in

Geopolitics of intervention in human rights need understanding of:
• Political composition of the groups involved in intervention
• Nature of intervention
• Reasons why intervention has been deemed necessary
• Characteristics of the country, government and people affected
• Possible political, socio-economic and environmental consequences of
intervention/global governance
• Complexity of human rights and their spatial patterns

1b) human rights violations

, Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
• Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy
• Annual number of death per 100,000 live births
• 2013 290,000 women died most occurring in sub-Saharan Africa
• Sierra Leone 1100 - Belarus 1
• Majority of these deaths are preventable so not just a matter of
development but human rights
• These rights are legally protected by international human rights treaties
such as the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination
against women (CEDAW)

Economic factors
• Poverty
• Access to treatments for pregnancy and birth complications esp.
emergency care
• Quality of medical services, exp. Provision of skilled attendance at birth

Political factors
• Level of political commitment and government investment
• Various laws (denying abortion)
• Child brides should be illegal

Social factors
• Cultural factors that affect discrimination
• Addressing health issues prior to birth
• Education of population
• Improving women's right
• Many women denied professional care because of the assumption that
they're exaggerating pain, should be painful. Women aren't listened to and
overlooked when announcing problems

Forced labour
• 45.8 million people are still enslaved throughout the world.
• Private economy generates US$150 billion in illegal profits
• Children that are denied education because they are forces to work
• Women and girls exploited as unpaid, abused domestic workers
• Men unable to leave work because of unpaid debts
• Global distribution is uneven - no region unaffected
• Southeast Asia highest incidence with 11.7mil in 2012

Economic factors
• Poverty
• Lack of economic opportunities and unemployment
• Low wages
• Subsistence farming
• Migration and seeking work

Political factors
• Political instability
• Conflict
• Breakdown of rule of law
• Corruption

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller austeja. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £5.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

68175 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now

Start selling

Summary

Summary of OCR level Geography human rights

Document information

Subjects

Written for

Seller

Reviews received

Content preview