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bacteria and bacterial infections
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in this document we can have a deep knowledge about bacteria's structure and function along with the infections caused by bacteria's.

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  • November 3, 2022
  • 13
  • 2022/2023
  • Presentation
  • Unknown

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Bacteria

“Bacteria are unicellular organisms belonging to the prokaryotic group where the organisms
lack a few organelles and a true nucleus”.


Introduction




Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life
forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every
conceivable environment all over the world[1]. Some are airborne and others are most
prevalent in water, soil, plants, animals, and even people.
Many strains of bacteria are harmless and some are even beneficial, such as those found in
the human gastrointestinal tract to aid digestion and produce vitamins. There are few (less
than 1% of all bacteria types) that cause illness in humans. Some bacteria can be quite
dangerous, resulting in salmonella, pneumonia, or meningitis[2].
• The global problem of infectious and deadly diseases caused by bacteria are presently
major scientific and medical issues.
• Bacterial infections have a large impact on public health.
• As a general rule, bacterial infections are easier to treat than viral infections, since we
have an extensive army of antimicrobial agents with activity against bacteria.
• Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a rapidly growing problem with potentially
devastating consequences.[3]
• The most deadly bacterial disease contracted by human beings is
mycobacterium tuberculosis, the world's leading infectious disease with more than
1,700,000 deaths per year. As much as 13% of cases are resistant to most antibiotics,
and about 6% are resistant or unresponsive to essentially all treatment[2].
1

, Structure
Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that carry their genetic information in a double-stranded
circular molecule of DNA. Some species also contain small circular plasmids of additional
DNA.
The cell cytoplasm contains ribosomes and there is both a cell membrane and, in all species
except Mycoplasma, a complex cell wall. External to the cell wall, some bacteria have
capsules, flagella, or pili.
Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission. Under the proper conditions, some bacteria
can divide and multiply rapidly. Consequently, some infections require only a small number
of organisms to cause potentially overwhelming infectio
Another fascinating feature of bacteria is their protective cell wall, which is made up of a
special protein called peptidoglycan. The components of bacterial cell wall forms an
important basis upon which the bacteria can be divided. This particular protein isn’t found
anywhere else in nature except in the cell walls of bacteria.
But few of them are devoid of this cell wall, and others have a third protection layer called
capsule. On the outer layer, one or more flagella or pili is attached, and it functions as a
locomotory organ. Pili can also help certain bacteria to attach themselves to the host’s cells.
They do not contain any cell organelle as in animal or plant cell except for ribosomes.
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. In addition to this DNA, they have an extra
circular DNA called plasmid. These plasmids make some strains of bacteria resistant to
antibiotics




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