UGA History Exam Review With Complete Solution!

James Edward Oglethorpe The leader of English Parliament who founded the Georgia colony, in order to create an effective buffer from the Spanish and Spanish controlled Florida James Wright Georgia's third, and final, royal governor who fled the colony when the American Revolution began Nancy Morgan Hart One of the most patriotic women in Georgia, she worked as a spy; she disguised herself as a man and entered British camps trying to gain information; famous for holding six British soldiers (Tories) at gunpoint who tried to pillage her land Yazoo Land Fraud The cheap sale of western land to four land companies after the governor and members of the General Assembly had been bribed; resulted in U.S. take-over of disputed land Year of Yazoo Land Fraud 1795 Governor James Jackson Reformer, wants to clean up the mess made by the Federalists. Plans to repeal the Yazoo deal if elected. Father of Jeffersonian Party in Ga. Swept the election, takes office in 1796, rescinds the Yazoo purchase of year prior. Overturned Yazoo Act; elected to First Congress; lost reelection Trail of Tears Forced journey of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to a region west of the Mississippi (present day Oklahoma) during which thousands of Cherokees died Joseph Brown Governor from Georgia who tried at times to keep his own troops apart from the Confederate forces and insisted on hoarding surplus supplies for his own state's militias. He believed that his state had seceded so that it didn't have to follow the dictates of a central government; disliked centralized Federal and Confederate power Milledgeville Georgia's fourth capital and seat of the state government during the Civil War Henry L. Benning A lawyer, legislator, and jurist who became associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the 1850s. Also became a vocal advocate for secession and earned the rank of brigadier general during the Civil War. He is also noted for the U.S. Army's fort named in his honor Robert Toombs Senator and extremist from Georgia who said that the South would never let the federal government be controlled by the Republican party. Also served as Secretary of State and was a strong advocate for secession William T. Sherman He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets Rufus Bullock He served as the Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during Reconstruction and was the first Republican governor of Georgia. After various allegations of scandal, in 1871 he was obliged by the Ku Klux Klan to resign the governorship. Fought for equality and brought industry to the state, falsely accused of corruption Tunis Campbell Prominent African American politician who represented McIntosh County as a state senator and served as a justice of the peace. Insisted on equal representation of blacks in juries and otherwise championed their rights to the point of making himself an annoyance to the whites. Was sentenced to a year of hard labor for improper conduct Populism Farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892 "New South" Crusade Sought to diversify the Georgia economy; eventually led to the industrialization of the state Jim Crow The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. These laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities. Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government. W.E.B. DuBois African-American civil rights activist; wrote the Souls of Black Folk and demanded full racial equality. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP Rebecca Latimer Felton A civic leader that supported women's suffrage and temperance as well as strongly disagreed with the convict lease system. She was also the first woman to serve in the US Senate Leo Frank Jewish factory manager in Atlanta who was convicted of murdering a female employee. A mob lynched him in his jail cell County-unit System It gave each county or district a certain number of votes. The bigger the district, the more votes. This inacurately stated what people wanted and gave rural areas more votes, which did not represent what most people would prefer Agricultural Adjustment Administration Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again. Paid farmers to destroy surplus and limit production ; An unintended consequence of the policy, however, was to put farmers out of work, causing even greater numbers to seek other means of employment. Herman Talmadge GA governor; in reaction to Brown vs. BOE he declared that GA will 'not tolerate the mixing of races in public schools or any other tax supported institutions." Forcibly took over the Governor's mansion until it was officially announced he had lost the election Martin Luther King, Jr. U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize Winner(1964) 1996 Olympic Games Put georgia on a national stage, and made Atlanta a world known city Jimmy Carter 39th President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow; former Georgia governor Reconstruction the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union Segregation a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups Voting Restrictions poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clause, property requirements aimed at disenfranching black voters Mary Phagan girl who was supposedly raped by Leo Frank Robert Elliott Burns wrote about his torturous imprisonment exposes abuses in the Georgia prison system I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang book by Robert Elliott Burns chronicling his imprisonment and escape Convict Lease System allowed private companies to rent persons convicted of serious crimes Tobacco Road A poor shantytown, usually in the rural South, and usually populated by whites God's Little Acre A novel from the 1930s by Erskine Caldwell, about a family of sharecroppers from Georgia and their many tragedies Boll weevil grayish weevil that lays its eggs in cotton bolls destroying the cotton Great Depression the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the US during Great Depression and World War II New Deal The historic period () in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented Warm Springs natural wonders visited by FDR to treat his polio Ben Epps considered to be the father of aviation in the state Athens Ben Epps field 1907 Charles Lindbergh in 1923 flew his first solo flight at Southern Field in Americus William B. Hartsfield mayor of Atlanta from 1936 to 1961; targeted Democrats and Blacks and offered improvements Hartsfield Airport It is named after William Hartsfield, father of atlanta aviation, and (later)Maynard Jackson, the first black mayor. It increases trade and international businesses can travel to Atlanta Eastern Air Lines used Hartsfield as a major hub Delta Air Lines moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 1941 Empire State of the South title given to largest slaveholding state in the south Alexander Stephens Vice President of the Confederacy 1861 When the Georgia Secession Convention was held in Milledgeville Cobb Brothers Howell presided over Confederacy's organizing ; Thomas authored the constitution Field Order 15 Sherman's special order granting 400,000 acres of land to newly freed black families in forty-acre segments; likely origin of the phrase "forty acres and a mule" Andersonville Horrific POW camp infamous for atrocities and prisoner mistreatment 460,000 Number of slaves freed during and after the war Freedman's Bureau established by Congress to aid African Americans undergoing the transition from slavery to freedom in the aftermath of the Civil War Ku Klux Klan Terrorist organization devoted to racial inequality, suffering and evil, established 1868 Black Legislators 27 duly elected were expelled from the General Assembly leading Congress to impose martial law and ban Georgia's congressmen John B. Gordon general and clansman, lost Gubernatorial contest to Rufus Bullock 1870 Georgia readmitted to the Union Democrats party of racists and clansmen Republicans party of reformers fighting for equality Redeemers Democrats working to counter reconstruction and equality 13th Amendment officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude; 1864 14th Amendment overruled Dred Scott(1857) granting blacks citizenship ; reinforced due process and equal rights; 1868 15th Amendment explicitly grants right of citizens to vote regardless of race, color or having been enslaved (!) ; 1870 Redemption widespread movement to oppress the newly freed Crop-lien System a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests Bourbon Triumvirate Joseph E. Brown (ex-Confederate governor), John B. Gordon, and Alfred H. Colquitt (ex-Confederate gennerals) maintained power from focused on industrializing the stated for their own profit Henry W. Grady editor of the Atlanta Constitution, who spearheaded a crusade to build a prosperous "New South" centered around Atlanta New South dream that Georgia might lead the South phoenix like from the ashes as a land of prosperity and equality Atlanta state capital 1868 Sharecroppers Tenant farmers, serfs, who worked the land they did not own for a meager share of the crops Populist Party U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies Farmers' Alliance organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the government's tight money policy Thomas E. Watson ran for VP on Populist Party ticket, in later life he became a racist Indian Removal Act of 1830 Passed by Congress under the Andrew Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed Signed the Declaration of Independence Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton Signed US Constitution Abraham Baldwin and William Few Jr. Battle of Kettle Creek battle near Augusta, GA won by the Patriots on February 14, 1779 Augusta Becomes capital in 1779 Eli Whitney Invented the cotton gin, 1793 Cotton Gin machine which automated cotton processing and increased the need for slaves Gold Rush largest discovery of gold east of the Mississippi, 1828 University of Georgia The United States' first state-chartered university (1785); it is the oldest and largest of Georgia's institutions of higher learning Weslyan College first womens college, 1836 Board of Trustees Appointed by King George II in 1732 to govern Georgia until 1752 Debtors One of the original motivations for the colony Henry Ellis Georgia's second and most popular Royal Governor who wore a thermometer Slavery Was prohibited in Georgia until 1750 John Reynolds First governor of Georgia, 1752 Yamacraw Tribe that helped the original settlers Yamacraw Bluff Geographic feature that impressed Oglethorpe to build Savannah Salzburgers German-speaking Protestant colonists that founded Ebenezer and New Ebenezer St. Augustine Built by the Spanish and attacked by Oglethorpe Fort Federica Built by Oglethorpe and attacked by the Spanish Battle of Bloody Marsh Victory for Oglethorpe over the Spanish on St. Simons Island in 1742 Mary Musgrove The chief translator and go-between of Georgia's early days Catholics Barred from Georgia Jews Among the earliest settlers 1732 Charter granted 1733 Savannah founded 1752 Becomes Royal Colony, first governor John Reynolds 1750 The shame of slavery begins 1742 Oglethorpe victory at Battle of Bloody Marsh Governor's Council The upper legislative body in Georgia's Royal Government Commons House of Assembly The lower legislative body in Georgia's Royal Government Creek Native Nation the Yamacraw were part of George II Granted charter to trustees in 1732 Tomochichi Chief of the Yamacraw and friend to colonists 0 Number of debtors released and sent to settle in Georgia 50 acres Amount of land needed to vote in Royal Georgia 500 acres Amount of land needed to be a legislator in Royal Georgia Absolute Chronology locating these events to specific dates in a chronological era Generalizations Statement of the nature of the relationship between two or more sets of facts Inferences Statements made by the speaker that are based on facts or observations Migration The movement of persons from one country or locality to another Primary Source Text and/or artifacts that tell a first-hand account or are original works (letters, journals, etc.) Relative Chronology Depends less on specific dates and more on relationship of events. To sequence, must understand past, present and future, Must identify beginning, middle & end Secondary Source Text and/or artifacts that are not original, but written from something original (biographies, magazine articles, research papers) Imports goods and services purchased from other countries Exports Goods and Services sold to other countries Neutral one who does not side with any party in a war or dispute 1st Great Awakening a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies, from