Lecture notes

A Level Edexcel Chemistry - Topic 17 - Organic Chemistry 2/II

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Module
Unit 17 - Organic Chemistry II

Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)

A Level Edexcel Chemistry - Topic 17 - Organic Chemistry 2/II Fully updated notes providing drop down answers to self made questions designed from numerous textbooks and exam mark schemes

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Uploaded on December 15, 2022
Number of pages 22
Written in 2022/2023
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Adamson
Contains All classes

aldehydes
ketones
optical isomerism
reactions
carboxylic acids
esters
acyl chrlorides
chlorides
hydrolysis
isomerism
polyesters
carbonates
compunds
compounds
organic chemistry ii2 pearson edexcel
n

Topic 17 - Organic Chemistry 2
Optical Isomerism
How does optical isomerism arise?

optical isomerism arises as a result of chirality in molecules

What makes a chiral carbon atom?

a chiral carbon atom has 4 different groups attached to it

it is possible to arrange the groups in two different ways - these are called
enantiomers or optical isomers

Explain the term chiral

a chiral molecule is a non-superimposable on its mirror image

What makes an enantiomer?

enantiomers are mirror images of each other

no matter which way to turn them they cannot be superimposed

Explain how optical isomers rotate plane polarised light

monochromatic, plane polarised ligth has a single wavelength and only
vibrates in one direction

optical isomers are optically active - they rotate the plane of polarisation

one enantiomer rotates it clockwise and the other anticlockwise

Topic 17 - Organic Chemistry 2 1

, Define what is meant by a racemic mixture and describe what they do

a racemic mixture contains equal quantaties of each enantiomer of a chiral
compound

racemic mixtures don't rotate plane polarised light - the two enantiomers cancel
each others light rotating effect

two achiral reactants can react to make racemic mixtures of chiral products

What is the difference between an optically active chiral molecule and a non
optically active one

optically active - single enantiomer

non optically active - racemic mixture

Describe the optical activity in an Sn1 mechanism and draw out the steps

you start with a single enantiomer reactant

the product will be a racemic mixture of the two optical isomers of each other,
so wont rotate plane-polarised light

Describe the optical activity in an Sn2 mechanism and draw out the steps

a single enantiomer reactant produces a single enantiomer product

Topic 17 - Organic Chemistry 2 2

, When an optically active isomer reacts to form an optically active product, what
does this suggest about the mechanism?

only one enantiomer formed

Sn2 mechanism

nucleophile attacks from the opposite side to the leaving group

Aldehydes and ketones
Describe the carbonyl functional group and where they're found

c=o

esters, aldehydes, ketones

not carboxylic acids

Describe why aldehyes and ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols
and carboxylic acids

because alcohols and carboxylic acids form hydrogen bonds

aldehydes and ketones dont have a polar O-H bond so they can't form
hydrogen bonds with other aldehydes and ketones

but aldehydes and ketones from only weak intermolecular bonds such as
permanent dipole-dipole and LDF's

Describe and draw the formation of hydrogen bonds between aldehydes and
ketones with water

lone pair electrons on the O atom

so small aldehydes and ketones dissolve in water

Topic 17 - Organic Chemistry 2 3

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