Exam (elaborations)
Anatomy and physiology
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Be able to carry out routine measurements and observations of the bodysystems and know the effects of the malfunctions on the body systems.
Common malfunctions in the cardiovascular system: Some common
problems of the respiratory system include asthma –
wheezing and breathlessness caused by a narrowing of
the airways. bronchitis – inflammation of the lung's larger
airways. emphysema – disease of the alveoli (air sacs) of
the lungs.
Respiratory diseases: may be caused by infection, by
smoking tobacco, or by breathing in secondhand tobacco
smoke, radon, asbestos, or other forms of air pollution.
Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis,
pneumonia, and lung cancer.
The cardiovascular malfunction we will be covering today would-be angina.
Angina is. Angina is chest pain that happens because there is
not enough blood going to part of your heart. It can feel like
a heart attack, with pressure or squeezing in your chest. It is
sometimes called angina pectoris or ischemic chest pain.
It is a symptom of heart disease, and it happens when
something blocks your arteries or there's not enough blood flow
in the arteries that bring oxygen-rich blood to your heart.
Angina usually goes away quickly. Still, it can be a sign of a life-
threatening heart problem. It is important to find out what is
going on and what you can do to avoid a heart attack.
Usually, medicine and lifestyle changes can control angina. If it
is more severe, you may need surgery, too. Or you may need
what is called a stent, a tiny tube that props open arteries.
There are several types of anginas:
Stable angina. This is the most common. Physical activity or
stress can trigger it. It usually lasts a few minutes, and it goes
away when you rest. It is not a heart attack, but it can be a sign
that you are more likely to have one. Tell your doctor if this
happens to you.
, Unstable angina. You can have this while you are at rest or
not highly active. The pain can be strong and long-lasting, and
it may come back repeatedly. It can be a signal that you are
about to have a heart attack, so see a doctor right away.
Microvascular angina. With this type, you have chest
pain but no coronary artery blockage. Instead, it happens
because your smallest coronary arteries are not working the
way they should, so your heart does not get the blood it needs.
The chest pain usually lasts more than 10 minutes. This type is
more common in women.
Prinz metal’s angina (variant angina). This type is rare. It
might happen at night while you are sleeping or resting. Your
heart arteries suddenly tighten or narrow. It can cause a lot of
pain, and you should get it treated.
Common malfunctions in angina: You might mistake an aching
or burning for heartburn or gas.
You are likely to have pain behind your breastbone, which can
spread to your shoulders, arms, neck, throat, jaw, or back.
Stable angina often gets better with rest. Unstable angina may
not, and it could get worse. It is an emergency that needs
medical help right away.
Angina in Women vs. Men
Men often feel pain in their chest, neck, and shoulders. Women
may feel discomfort in their belly, neck, jaw, throat, or back.
You may also have shortness of breath, sweating, or dizziness.
Potential risk factors in angina: Angina Risk Factors
Some things about you or your lifestyle could put you at higher
risk of angina, including:
Older age
Family history of heart disease
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes
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