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ENG1501 Exam Pack (Memo, Notes)

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ENG1501 Exam Pack (Memo, Notes) ENG1501 - Foundations In English Literary Studies In the Shadow of Signal Hill (Essop Patel) in the howling wind by the murky waters of the sea children of colour gather shells 5 and hold them to their ears and listen to the lamentations of slaves in the dungeon of death S - The study-notes marketplace 4 | P a g e in the howling wind by the murky waters 10 of the sea sons of langa gather at the ruins of district six and sharpen the spears of the night and the heroes from the island urge 15 go towards the fiery dawn ... S - The study-notes marketplace 5 | P a g e In the Shadow of Signal Hill Lexical polysemy: The coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase. “langa”: • Black township on the outskirts of suburban Cape Town established in 1927. • It was the place where police brutality ended in a blood bath (21 March 1960). • It was also a place associated with great resistance to Apartheid. • Langa literally means “sun” in Xhosa. • The word Langa is a tribute to a man called Langalibalele - a chief and renowned rainmaker - who in 1873 was imprisoned on Robben Island for rebelling against the Natal government. “district six”: • Name of a former racially mixed inner-city residential area in Cape Town where over 60 000 of its inhabitants were forced to move during the 1960's by the apartheid regime. What is the poem about? /What is the subject of the poem? / Theme + message of the poem: The short, yet powerful poem, implies a plea (a serious or urgent request) for violent revolution/turn against Apartheid laws. Who is speaking? 3rd person narrative. What is the location/setting of the poem? Both stanza 1 and 2 open with the image of the sea with its “murky waters” and the “howling wind”. Attitudes and feelings in the poem: /Emotions and feelings of the speaker: In the first stanza the speaker is melancholic, pleading and sympathetic. In the second stanza the speaker is determined and strong-willed/minded. Tone of the poem: Pleading, melancholic and sympathetic (stanza 1), determined and strong-willed/minded (stanza 2). Form and structure of the poem (rhyme, rhythm, line length, stanza length, etc.): • Free verse (lines with no prescribed pattern or structure). • The poem consists of two stanzas, 8 lines each (octave). Stanza 1: The atmosphere in prison is horrible, dark and lonely. Stanza 2: The prisoners are rising as “heroes” because they are fighting for their freedom and the end of Apartheid. They are longing for change. • Lacks punctuation and capitalisation that suggests a feeling of freedom from being oppressed by his country and government. Type of poem: Lyrical poem – expresses the poets emotions. Poetic devices (e.g. metaphors, similes, enjambment, alliteration, personification, etc.): Explained in poem. S - The study-notes marketplace 6 | P a g e 1. The explanatory note below the poem gives you a clue as to the title’s significance. Imagine that you are standing below Signal Hill. Write a paragraph in which you explain what you see. When looking up you will see the “white authority” or “white government” of the apartheid area looking down upon the different races living in district 6. You will look out onto a “murky” (dark and gloomy) sea. “Gather shells” might be a reference to the slaves that crossed the sea to imprisonment on the other side of the globe. The seashells represent the children covering their ears from the cries and weeping of the slaves. Since the children listen to the cries of the slaves in the dungeon of death while holding shells to their ears, it is possible that the shells can be a metaphor for the dungeon of death, which, in turn, is a metaphor for the situation the slaves or coloured and black people are in. This symbolises the helplessness of black people. Sons of langa – almost biblical in emphasis – and it implies that these people have a common ancestry. Who is the township named after and it is named after someone. This person fought the government and was imprisoned on Robben island. To reclaim places like the ruins of district 6 – to make these ruins the cause of rebellion – the foundations of a wave of rebellion.” fiery dawn” also suggest that an “angry break of day”, meaning that the coloured people wake up angry in the mornings. They are angry and frustrated with their circumstances. – it destroys and it cleanses. It implies movement, but it is the one word of colour in the poem – the red of Marxism perhaps. It also means to burn brightly and strongly – a maintaining of the moral force that will overcome. 2. Explain the denotation and connotations of the word ‘Shadow’ in the title of this poem. Denotation- “a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface” District 6 is the direct shadow of Signal Hill. Connotation- The part “in the shadow” of Signal Hill represents the black people who suffered under the Apartheid regime. They were the people who had to live in the shadows of the white government. The government overshadowed their whole lives and basically made their choices for them. The word “shadow” also bears a connotation of fear in general. When one looks at children’s books, one will notice that the antagonist in the stories would be a “shadowy figure”. Therefore the “Shadow of Signal Hill” suggests the white government is the antagonist in terms of them being wrong in what they are doing – which is initiating Apartheid in South Africa. 3. Look up the word ‘lamentations’ (line 7) in a dictionary. When the speaker instructs the reader to listen to ‘the lamentations of slaves’ (line 7), does he or she expect the reader to hear real slaves in the present time of the poem? Why or why not? Write a paragraph in which you describe what it is that the ‘children of colour’ (line 4) hear. “lamentations” connects with “howling wind” which emphasises the suffering of the black and coloured people. Yes, the speaker wants us to hear and know the pain that they’re suffering at the exact moment. Since the children listen to the cries of the slaves in the dungeon of death while holding shells to `their ears, it is possible that the shells can be a metaphor for the dungeon of death, which, in turn, is a metaphor for the situation the slaves or coloured and black people are in. This symbolises the helplessness of black people. When I read the poem, I almost feel sorry for the slaves and children. Maybe this is also what the poet wants - to create an emotional atmosphere so the reader can empathise with the black people. 4. The first three lines of each stanza are the same. What does this tell you about the setting of the poem? Why is this important? A cold, unpleasant atmosphere is created. Metaphor: howling wind might refer to the cries of the black people, them pleads for freedom and equality. Furthermore, I think the tone is a sad, depressed tone when I read words like "murky" "shadow" "howling wind" "dungeon of death" "lamentation". This is to represent them pleads for freedom. May also represent the never ending plead of the people who are suffering from the apartheid area. 5. What image is created in line 14? Write a paragraph in which you describe what this line means. The spears of the night are a metaphor for the black people fighting back. "night" and "spears" usually have negative, dark connotations, but in this instance, it is the opposite: the black people represent freedom and light because they want to fight for what is fair and right. Although one reads it as "night", it can represent the homophone "knight". this will make absolute sense in the context of the poem and the explanation just given. (it is like "Bustle in the House" where "morning" can be heard as "mourning".) "Knight" also has a positive connotation. In medieval times the knight represented the good. A princess was saved by a knight in shining armour. Therefore, the sentence "sharpen the spears of the night" can be reread as "sharpen the spears of the knight", meaning that the people will fight for justice and that which is right. S - The study-notes marketplace S - The study-notes marketplace 7 | P a g e In Exile (Arthur Nortje) Open skies flare wide enough to make me vaguely anxious. Nimbus wisps trace patterns of the past. Wind sweeps between the towers 5 through runnels, old and new. My heart is hollowed with the boots passing through

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ENG1501 Exam
Pack (Memo, Notes)

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The Loneliness Beyond
1. Whoor what is being compared to raindrops in the first stanza? What figure of
speech is used? What is the effect of the comparison?

2.

The speaker compares the raindrops to class working people, or cattle. He observes the
commuters/cattle/humans arriving. The working class are just like cattle. Slowly at first but
then, much like raindrops that begin to intensify before a heavy downpour, "as a torrent". The
speaker uses a simile to create the effect of rushing of people on a train station (like herding
cattle into their post) and being forced to do work (let the cattle eat to produce food.).


3. Inthe second line of the second stanza, the speaker talks about a ‘single maskless face’.
What is he referring to? Why do you
think the poet chose this image (what idea does the image convey)?

The speaker is referring to a communal loss of identity under the exhausting demands of the
white system and reinforces the dissonance between black subjectivity and urban landscapes.
The images here seem to evoke a homogenous, undifferentiated mass, a “single maskless
face”; the black body is mechanized by the white state as a labouring object. Sepamla’s stress
on the workings of the black body (palpitating hearts, clicking tongues, laughter, and grousing
mouths) asserts its humanity.


4. Who do you think issues the ‘commands’ that the speaker refers to in the last line of the
second stanza?
The white state as a labouring object.
5. In
stanza three, the speaker talks about ‘grinding complaints’ (line 13). This is a rather
odd choice of diction (or odd choice of words). What tone (mood or atmosphere) is
evoked by this choice of diction?


The tone changes to desire to escape and anger. It is never ending although the poet wants it to
end. The poem works against the reduction of black selfhood by gesturing towards its multiple
meanings. The train’s trajectory may be limited and circumscribed within the linear movement

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between point A and point B, but its existence also implies change, flux, and shifting
interactions between groups of people who might not otherwise encounter one another. The
train is not simply a weapon of control over black selfhood but is also embodied by it; that is,
made representative of and defined by the individual and collective functions of the black body.
6. Thereis another comparison in the fourth stanza of the poem. Identify the figure of
speech, and discuss why the comparison is effective.




In the Shadow of Signal Hill (Essop Patel)


in the howling wind

by the murky waters

of the sea

children of colour

gather shells 5


and hold them to their ears

and listen to the lamentations of slaves

in the dungeon of death

, Stuvia.com - The study-notes marketplace


4|Page




in the howling wind

by the murky waters 10


of the sea

sons of langa

gather at the ruins of district six and

sharpen the spears of the night

and the heroes from the island urge 15


go towards the fiery dawn ...

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